See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

PALATINE (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. palatium, a See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace,)  pertaining to the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and therefore to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king or other See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign ruler . In the later See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire certain officials attending on the emperor, or discharging other duties at his See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, were called palatini; from the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the See also:

• GREAT

Great the See also:

• TERM

term was also applied to the soldiers stationed in or around the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital to distinguish them from those stationed on the frontier of the empire . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Roman Empire the word was used to designate officials concerned with the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the finances and the imperial lands . This use of the word See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine was adopted by the Frankish See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the Merovingian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . They employed a high See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official, the comes palatinus, who at first assisted the king in his judicial duties and at a later date discharged many of these himself . Other See also:

• COUNTS

counts palatine were employed on military and administrative See also:

• WORK

work, and the See also:

• SYSTEM

system was maintained by the Carolingian sovereigns . The word See also:

• PALADIN (Lat. palatinus)

paladin, used to describe the followers of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, is a variant of palatine . A Frankish See also:

• CAPITULARY (Med. Lat. capitularium)

capitulary of 882 and See also:

• HINCMAR (c. 805-882)

Hincmar, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing about the same time, testify to the extent to which the judicial work of the Frankish Empire had passed into their hands, and one See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power was followed by another . Instead of remaining near the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the king, some of the counts palatine were sent to various parts of his empire to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act as See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges and See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, the districts ruled by them being called palatinates . Being in a See also:

• SPECIAL

special sense the representatives of the sovereign they were entrusted with more extended power than the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary counts . Thus comes the later and more See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use of the word palatine, its application as an See also:

• ADJECTIVE (from the Lat. adjectives, added)

adjective to persons entrusted with special See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers and also to the districts over which these powers were exercised . By See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler and especially by See also:

• OTTO

Otto the Great, they were sent into all parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to support the royal authority by checking the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent tendencies of the great tribal See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes .

We hear of a See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count palatine in See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, and of others in See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine, in See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and in See also:

• SWABIA, SUABIA

Swabia, their duties being to administer the royal estates in these duchies . The count palatine in Bavaria, an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office held by the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach, became See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of this See also:

• LAND

land, the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title being then merged in the higher one; and with one other exception the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German counts palatine soon became insignificant, although, the office having become hereditary, Pfalzgrafen were in existence until the See also:

• DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman Empire in 18o6 . The exception was the count palatine of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, who became one of the four See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors and the most important lay official of the empire . In the empire the word count palatine was also used to designate the officials who assisted the emperor to exercise the rights which were reserved for his See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . They were called comites palatini caesarii, or comites sacri palatii; in German, See also:

• HOF

Hof pfalzgrafen . From See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany the term palatine passed into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, into See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland . It appears in England about the end of the 1th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, being applied by Ordericus Vitalis, to See also:

• ODO

Odo, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BAYEUX

Bayeux and See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . The word palatine came in England to be applied to the earls, or rulers, of certain counties, men who enjoyed exceptional powers . Their exceptional position is thus described by See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs (See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast . Hist. vol. i.) : They were " earldoms in which the earls were endowed with the superiority of whole counties, so that all the landholders held ,feudally of them, in which they received the whole profits of the courts and exercised all the See also:

• REGALIA (Lat. regalis, royal, from rex, king)

regalia or royal rights, nominated the sheriffs, held their own See also:

• COUNCILS

councils and acted as independent princes except in the owing of See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage and fealty to the king." The most important of the counties palatine were See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, the bishop of the one and the earl of the other receiving special privileges from See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I . Chester had its own See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, consisting of barons of the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, and was not represented in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly until 1541, while it retained some of its special privileges until 183o . The bishop of Durham retained temporal See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over the county until 1836 .

See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire was made a county, or duchy, palatine in 1J51, and kept some of its special judicial privileges until 1873 . Thus for several centuries the king's writs did not run in these three palatine counties, and at thepresent See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day Lancashire and Durham have their own courts of See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery . Owing to the ambiguous application of the word palatine to Odo of Bayeux, it is doubtful whether Kent was ever a palatine county; if so, it was one only for a few years during the 11th century . Other palatine counties, which only retained their exceptional position for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time, were See also:

• SHROPSHIRE (SALOP)

Shropshire, the Isle of See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely, Hexhamshire in See also:

• NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, and See also:

• PEMBROKE
• PEMBROKE (Penfro)
• PEMBROKE, EARLS OF

Pembroke-See also:

• SHIRE

shire in See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . In See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland there were palatine districts, aid the seven See also:

• ORIGINAL

original earldoms of Scotland occupied positions some-what analogous to that of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English palatine counties . In Hungary the important office of palatine (Magyar Nader) owes its inception to St See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen . At first the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the judicial system, the palatine undertook other duties, and became after the king the most important person in the See also:

• REALM

realm . At one time he was chosen by the king from among four candidates named by the See also:

• DIET

Diet . Under the later See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg rulers of Hungary the office was several times held by a member of this family, one of the palatines being the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph . The office was abolished after the revolution of 1848 . In Poland the governors of the provinces of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom were called palatines, and the provinces were sometimes called palatinates . In See also:

• AMERICA

America certain districts colonized by English settlers were treated as palatine provinces .

In 1632 Cecilius See also:

• CALVERT
• CALVERT, FREDERICK CRACE (1819–1873)
• CALVERT, SIR HARRY, BART

Calvert, 2nd See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, received a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter from See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. giving him palatine rights in See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland . In 1639 See also:

• SIR

Sir Ferdinando See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

Gorges, the lord of See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, obtained one granting him as large and ample prerogatives as were enjoyed by the bishop of Durham . Carolina was another instance of a palatine See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . In addition to the authorities mentioned, see R . See also:

• SCHRODER
• SCHRODER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG (1744-1816)
• SCHRODER, SOPHIE (1781-1868)

Schroder, Lehrbuch der deutschen Rechtsgeschichle (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1902) ; C . See also:

• PFAFF, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1765–1825)

Pfaff, Geschichte See also:

• DES

des Pfalzgrafenamtes (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1847) ; G . T . Lapsley, The County Palatine of Durham (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1900), and D . J . Medley, English Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History (1907) . (A . W .