See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

PALM See also:

• SUNDAY

SUNDAY (See also:

• DOMINICA

Dominica palmarum)  , the See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday before See also:

• EASTER

Easter, so called from the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, still observed in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, of blessing See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm branches and carrying them in procession in See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ's triumphal entry into See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . In the Western Church, Palm Sunday is counted as the first See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

Week, and its ceremonies See also:

• USHER (O. Fr. ussier, uissier, mod. huissier, from Lat. ostiarius, a door-keeper, ostium, doorway, entrance, os, mouth)
• USHER (or USSHER), JAMES (1581-1656)

usher in the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of services, culminating in those of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday, which commemorate the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord . The ceremonies on Palm Sunday as celebrated now in the Roman Catholic Church are divided in three distinct parts: (1) The See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn blessing of the palms, (2) the procession, (3) the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . Branches of palm, See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive or sprouting See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow (hence in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England known as " palm ") having been placed before the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar, or at the See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, after Terce and the sprinkling of holy See also:

• WATER

water, the See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, either in a See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• COPE
• COPE (M.E. cape, cope, from Med. Lat. capa, cappa)
• COPE, EDWARD DRINKER (1840-1897)
• COPE, EDWARD MEREDITH (1818-1873)

cope or an See also:

• ALB (Lat. alba, from albus, white)

alb without See also:

• CHASUBLE

chasuble, proceeds to bless them . The ceremony begins with the singing by the See also:

• CHOIR (0. Fr. cuer from Lat. chorus; pronounced quire, and until the end of the 17th century so spelt, the spelling being altered to agree with the Fr. chceur)

choir of the See also:

• ANTHEM

anthem See also:

• HOSANNA

Hosanna Filio See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David; the collect follows; then the singing of a See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson from See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

Exodus xv. by the subdeacon; then the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

Gradual, reciting antiphonally the See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief priests and See also:

• PHARISEES

Pharisees. and concluding with Christ's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer on Mt Olivet; then the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel, sung by the See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary way, followed by a " continuation of the Holy Gospel " (Matt. xxi. and sqq.) . After this the priest blesses the palms in a series of prayers, that those who receive them " may be protected in soul and See also:

• BODY

body," and that " into whatever See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place they may be brought the inhabitants of that place may obtain Thy See also:

• BENEDICTION (Lat. benedictio, from benedicere, to bless)

benediction: and all adversity being removed, &c." The priest then sprinkles the palms thrice with holy water, saying the prayer See also:

• ASPERGES (" thou wilt sprinkle," from the Latin verb aspergere)

Asperges me, &c., and also incenses them thrice . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy See also:

• PRESENT

present then approaches and gives a palm to the celebrant, who then, in his turn, distributes the branches, first to the principal of the clergy, then to the deacon and sub-deacon, and to the other clergy in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and lastly to the laity, all of whom receive the palms kneeling, and See also:

• KISS

kiss the palm and the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of the celebrant . During the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution antiphons are sung . The deacon now turns to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and says Procedamus in See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

pace, and the procession begins . It is headed by a thurifer carrying a smoking See also:

• THURIBLE (Lat. thuribulum or turibulum, thus or tus, incense, Gr. Ms, from Ou&av, to offer a burnt sacrifice, cf. Skr. dhuma and Lat. fumus, smoke)

thurible; then conies the sub-deacon carrying the See also:

• CROSS

cross between two acolytes with lighted tapers; the clergy next in order, the celebrant coming last with the deacon on his See also:

• LEFT

left, all carrying branches and singing antiphonally, so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as the procession lasts, the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the entry into Jerusalem, ending with " See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus qui venit in nomine Doming: Hosanna in excelsis." On returning to the church, two or four singers enter first and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the doors, then, turning towards the procession outside, sing the first two verses of the hymn " Gloria, See also:

• LAWS

laws et honor," those outside repeating them, and so on till the hymn is finished . This done, the subdeacon strikes the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door with the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of the cross, when it is immediately opened, and the procession enters singing . The mass that follows, characterized by all the outward signs of sorrow proper to Passion Week, is in striking contrast with the joyous See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph of the procession .

In the Orthodox Eastern Church Palm Sunday (evpeaa$ or ioprr} rwv 0aiwv, &pr') f3a'iocbpos, or it j3aio¢bpos) is not included in Holy Week, but is regarded as a joyous festival commemorating Christ's triumphal entry into Jerusalem . There is no longer a procession; but the palms (in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia willow twigs) are blessed, and are held by the worshippers during the service . The earliest extant account of a liturgical celebration of Palm Sunday is that given in the Peregrinatio Silviae (Eleutheriae),1 which See also:

• DATES

dates from the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and contains a detailed account of the Holy Week ceremonies at Jerusalem by a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of rank: The actual festival began at one o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock with a service in the church on the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount of See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

Olives; at three o'clock clergy and people went in procession, singing See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, to the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension; two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of prayer, singing and See also:

• READING

reading of appropriate Scriptures followed, until, at five o'clock the reading of the passage from the Gospel telling how " the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children with olive branches and palms go to meet the Lord, and cry: ' Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord ' " gave the See also:

• SIGNAL

signal for the See also:

• CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd to break up, and, carrying branches of olive and palm, to conduct the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, in eo typo quo tune See also:

• DOMINUS (from an Indo-European root dam-, cf. Gr. Sapav, to subdue, and Eng. " tame ")

Dominus deductus eat? with cries of " Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord!" to the Church of the Resurrection in Jerusalem. where a further service was held . This celebration would seem to have been long established at Jerusalem, and there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that in the 4th and 5th centuries it had already been copied in other parts of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . In the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, however, it was not introduced until much later . To See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo I . (d . 461) the present See also:

• DOMINICA

Dominica paimarum was I The See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text is published among the appendices to See also:

• DUCHESNE, LOUIS MARIE OLIVIER (1843– )

Duchesne's Origines du culte Chretien (2nd ed., 1898), p . 486, " Procession du soir." 2 Drews takes this to mean " See also:

• RIDING

riding on an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass."known as Dominica passionis, Passion Sunday, and the Western Church treated it as a day, not of rejoicing, but of See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning . The earliest See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record in the West of the blessing of the palms and the subsequent procession is the See also:

• LIBER

liber ordinum of the West See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic Church (published by Ferotin, See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1904, pp . 178 sqq.), which dates from the 6th century; this shows plainly that the ceremonial of the procession had been borrowed from Jerusalem . As to how far, and at what See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, it became See also:

• COMMON

common there is very little evidence .

For England, the earliest record is the mention by See also:

• ALDHELM (c. 640-709)

Aldhelm, bishop of See also:

• SHERBORNE

Sherborne (d . 709), in his De laudibus virginitatis (cap . 30, See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne See also:

• PATROL, (Fr. patrouiller, connected with pane, foot)

Patrol . See also:

• LAT

Lat . 89, p . 128), of a sacrosancta palmarum solemnitas, which probably means a procession, since he speaks of the Benedictus qui venit, &c., being sung antiphonally . As the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages advanced the procession became more and more popular and increasingly a dramatic See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of the triumphal progress of Christ, the bishop riding on an ass or See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, as in the East .3 See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

Flowers, too, were blessed, as well as palms and willow, and carried in the procession (hence the names pasche floridum, dominica florum et ramorum, See also:

• LES

les pdques fleuries) . The origin of the ceremony of blessing the palms is more obscure . It is not essential to the dramatic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the celebration and for centuries seems to have formed no usual See also:

• PART

part of it . Herr Drews (Realencyklop . XXI. p . 417, 40-60) ascribes to it an entirely See also:

• SEPARATE

separate and See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan origin .

It 1s significant that olive and willow should have been chosen for benediction together with, or as substitutes for palm, and that an exorcizing See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power should have been ascribed to the consecrated branches: they were to heal disease, See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off devils, protect the houses where they were set up against See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields where they were planted against See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail and storms . But healing power had been ascribed to the olive in pagan antiquity, and in the same way the willow had from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial been credited by the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic peoples with the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of protective qualities . It was natural that olive and willow should have been chosen for the Palm Sunday ceremony, for they are the earliest trees to bud in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring; their See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration, however, may be explained by the intention to Christianize a pagan belief, and it is easy to see how their mystic virtues came in this way to be ascribed to the palm also . When and where the custom first arose is unknown . Of the reformed churches, the Church of England alone includes Palm Sunday in the Holy Week celebrations . The blessing of the palms and the procession were, however, abolished at the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation, and the name "Palm Sunday," though it survives in popular usage, is not mentioned in the See also:

• BOOK

Book of Common Prayer . The intention of the compilers of the Prayer-book seems to have been to restore the " Sunday next before Easter," as it is styled, to its earlier Western character of Passion Sunday, the second lesson at See also:

• MATINS (Fr. matins, med. Lat. matutinae, sc. possibly vigiliae, morning watches; from matutinus, " belonging to the morning ")

matins (Matt. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 5) and the See also:

• SPECIAL

special collect, Epistle (Phil. ii . 5) and Gospel (Matt. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 1) at the celebration of Holy Communion all dwelling on the humiliation and passion of Christ, with no reference to the triumphal entry into Jerusalem . The See also:

• MODERN

modern revival, in certain churches of an " advanced " type, of the ceremonies of blessing the palms and carrying them in procession has no See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant, and is therefore without any significance as illustrating the authoritative point of view of the Church of England . Of the Lutheran churches only that of See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg seems to have kept the Palm Sunday procession for a while .

This was prescribed by the Church order (Kirchenordnung) of 1540, but without the ceremony of blessing the palms; it was abolished by the revised Church order of 1572• See the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article "Palmsonntag" in Wetzer and Welte, Kirchenlexikon (2nd ed.), ix . 1319 sqq.: article " Woche, grease," by Drews in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1908), xxi . 413; Wiepen, Palmsonntags prozessionen and Palmesel (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1903); L . Duchesne, Origines du See also:

• TULLE

tulle Chretien (and ed., Paris, 1898), p . 237 . For ceremonies anciently observed in England on Palm Sunday see M . E . C . See also:

• WALCOTT, CHARLES DOOLITTLE (1850- )

Walcott, Sacred See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

Archaeology (1868) and J . See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

Brand, Popular antiquities (ed . 187o) .