See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

PAMPAS (Span. La See also:

• PAMPA, LA

Pampa, from a See also:

• QUICHUA

Quichua word signifying a level open space or See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace)  , an extensive See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina, extending from the Rio See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to the Gran See also:

• CHACO

Chaco, and from the foothills of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to the See also:

• PARANA

Parana and See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast.l It consists of a See also:

• GREAT

great calcareo-argillaceous See also:

• SHEET

sheet, once 1 There are other See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

pampas in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, such as the Pampas de Aullagas, in See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia, the Pampas del See also:

• SACRAMENTO

Sacramento between the Huallaga and Ucayali See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in eastern See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, and others less well known, but when the word Pampas is used alone the great See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine plain is meant . the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, covered on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle and See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, and on the east by deposits of See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary silt of irregular thickness brought down from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . Its western and northern limits, formed by the foothills and See also:

• TALUS (Lat. for the " ankle-bone ")

talus slopes of the Andes, and by the south of the great forested depression of the Gran Chaco, cannot be accurately defined, but its See also:

• AREA

area is estimated at 200,000 to 300,000 sq. m . Its greatest breadth is across the south, between the 36th and 37th See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels, and its least in the north, where the eastern ranges of the Andes project deeply into its north-western See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle . Its See also:

• SURFACE

surface is broken in the north-west by the sierras of See also:

• TUCUMAN
• TUCUMAN, or SAN MIGUEL DE TUCUMAN

Tucuman, See also:

• CATAMARCA
• CATAMARCA (San Fernando de Catamarca)

Catamarca, See also:

• SAN

San Luis and See also:

• CORDOBA
• CORDOBA, GONZALO FERNANDEZ DE (1453–15.15)

Cordoba, the latter rising from the midst of the plain, and by some small isolated sierras and hills on the south . It has a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual slope from north-west to south-east, from an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation above sea-level of 2320 ft. at See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza to 20 ft. at Buenos Aires on the La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata—the distance across (between Mendoza and Buenos Aires) being about 635 m . There are other slight irregularities in its surface, such as the See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal depression on the west, the saline, arid depression west of the Cordoba sierras, the See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar de Chiquita depression N.E. of Cordoba, and some smaller areas elsewhere . Apart from these the plain appears perfectly level . The east, which is humid, fertile and grassy, has no natural arboreal growth, except in the vicinity of Cordoba and in the north, where algarrobas and some of the Chaco See also:

• SPECIES

species are to be found . In the extreme south some species of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, thorny bushes See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover considerable areas in the vicinity of the See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill-ranges, otherwise the plain is destitute of native trees . Since the arrival of Europeans several species have been introduced successfully, such as the See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

eucalyptus, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, paraiso (Melia Azedarach), See also:

• PEACH
• PEACH, CHARLES WILLIAM (1800-1886)

peach, See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow, ombfs (Pircunia) and others . The distinctive vegetation of the grassy pampas is the tall, coarse-leaved " pampas grass " (Gyneriusn argenteum) whose feathery spikes often reach a height of eight or nine feet .

It covers large areas to the exclusion of all other species except the trefoils and herbs that grow between its tussocks . The natural See also:

• GRASSES

grasses of the pampas are popularly divided into pasta dura (hard pasturage), which includes the large, tussock-forming species, and pasta molle (soft pasturage), the See also:

• TENDER

tender undergrowth . Since the See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent of Europeans other See also:

• FORAGE

forage See also:

• PLANTS

plants have been introduced, the most successful and profitable being See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa or See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne (Medicago saliva), which is widely cultivated both for See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and for See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green pasturage for the fattening of See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market stock . West of this region is a dry, sandy, semi-barren plain, called the " sterile pampas." It has large saline areas, brackish streams and lakes, and immense sandy deserts, and in singular contrast to the fertile, treeless region of the east it supports large areas of stunted trees and thorny bushes . Most prominent in this See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy but unattractive growth is the " chanar " (Gurliaca or Gourliaca deem-limns), which is characteristic of the whole area, and led See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• GRIESBACH
• GRIESBACH, JOHANN JAKOB (1745-1812)

Griesbach to suggest the substitution of "formacion del chanar " for " formacion del See also:

• MONTE

monte," the designation adopted by botanists for this particular region . The chaflar is thorny and of low, irregular growth, and furnishes a strong durable See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and a sweet See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit . The grassy plains are well watered by streams flowing to the Parana, La Plata and coast, though some of these are brackish . There are large saline areas in northern See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe, See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago del Estero and Cordoba provinces, and throughout the greater See also:

• PART

part of the pampean plain See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells cannot be sunk See also:

• LOWER

lower than 18 or 20 ft. without encountering brackish See also:

• WATER

water . On the sterile pampas these conditions are still more See also:

• COMMON

common, the drainage southward through the Desaguadero and Salado being charged with saline See also:

• MATTER

matter . There are many saline lakes scattered over the pampas, the largest being the Mar de Chiquita, and See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Porongos in Cordoba, the great swamps and See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon on the lower Salado in Mendoza, and Lake Bebedero in San Juan . The See also:

• FAUNA

fauna of the pampas is limited to comparatively few species, all of which are found beyond its limits, also . These include the vizcacha (Lagostomus trichodactylus), Patagonian See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare (Dolichotis patagonica), See also:

• COYPU

coypu (Myopotamus coypu), cui (Cavia australis), tucotuco (Ctenomys magellanica), See also:

• JAGUAR
• JAGUAR (Fells onca)

jaguar (Felis onca), See also:

• PUMA

puma (Felis See also:

• CON

con-color), grass-See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat (resembling Fells catus), wood-cat (Felis geoffroyi),a See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox-like See also:

• DOG

dog (Felis pajeros, See also:

• AZARA, DON JOSE NICHOLAS DE (1731-1804)

Azara), aguara (akin to Canis jubatus), See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk, See also:

• WEASEL (Putorius nivalis)

weasel (Galictis See also:

• BARBARA, SAINT

barbara), See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer (Cervus campesiris), four species of See also:

• ARMADILLO

armadillo, and two of the See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum .

See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson considers the burrowing vizcacha, or biscacha, the most characteristic See also:

• DENIZEN (derived through the Fr. from Lat. de intus, " from within," i.e. as opposed to " foreign ")

denizen of the pampas, though the large yellow opossum (Didelphys crassicaudata) seems to be singularly adapted to See also:

• LIFE

life on the level grassy plain . The avifauna is apparently richer, owing to See also:

• MIGRATION

migration . Hudson enumerates 18 species of storks, ibises, herons, See also:

• SPOON (O. Eng. span, a chip or splinter of wood, cf. Du. spoon, Ger. Spahn, in same sense, probably related to Gr. r4 v, wedge)

spoon-bills and flamingoes, 20 species of ducks, geese and swans, 10 or 12 of the rallines, including the graceful ypicaha or dancing See also:

• BIRD

bird, and 25 of the Limicolae (13 of which are visitors from North America) . See also:

• LAND

Land birds are not numerous . Vultures and See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks are common, and there are a few owls, the best known of which is the " minera " (Geositta cunicularia), which inhabits the burrow of the vizcacha . Among other species of land birds, some 4o in number, are the military See also:

• STARLING (0. Eng. staer steam, and slerlyng; Lat. surnus; Fr. etourneau)

starling (Sturnella), whose red See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast makes it a conspicuous See also:

• OBJECT

object on the pampas, the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white-banded mocking-bird, the chakar or "crested See also:

• SCREAMER

screamer (Chauna chavarria), the See also:

• TINAMOU

tinamou, and the See also:

• RHEA

rhea, or South See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich . There are two species of the tinamou—the rufous and spotted--which are called partridges and are often hunted with snares by horsemen . The rhea, once very numerous, is now found farther inland than formerly, and is steadily diminishing in number . Civilized occupation is working many changes in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the pampas . The first See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change was in the introduction of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and horses . Cattle were pastured on the open pampas and were guarded by men called gauchos or mestizos, who became celebrated for their See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship, their hardihood and their lawlessness . See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

Attention was then turned to See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep-breeding, which See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed another and better type of plainsmen—the Irish and Scotch shepherds .

Then followed the extensive cultivation of cereals, forage crops, &c., which led to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use of fences, the employment of immigrant labourers, largely See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, the See also:

• BUILDING

building of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways and the growth of " See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp " towns . The picturesque gaucho is slowly disappearing in the eastern provinces, and the herds and flocks are being driven farther inland . The rural See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the pampas is still sparse and the estancias are very large . See W . H . Hudson, The Naturalist in La Plata (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1895) ; See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle (London, 1839 and 1889); and Richardo Napp, La republica argentina (Buenos Aires, 1876; also in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German) .