PAMPHLETS  . The earliest See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the word is in the Philobiblon (1344) of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard de See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, who speaks of " panfletos exiguos " (ch. viii.) . In See also:

• ENGLISH

English we have " this lend pamflet" (Test. of Love, bk. iii.), See also:

• OCCLEVE (or HOCCLEVE), THOMAS (1368—1450?)

Occleve's "Though that this pamfilet " (Reg. of Pr . 2060), See also:

• LYDGATE, JOHN (c. 1370–c. 1451)

Lydgate's " Whiche is a paunflet " (See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor Poems; 18o) and See also:

• CAXTON, WILLIAM (c. 1422-1491)

Caxton's "paunflettis and bookys " (See also:

• BOOK

Book of Eneydos, 1490, See also:

• PROLOGUE (from Gr. 7rpo, before, and Myer, a word)

Prologue) . In all these examples pamphlet is used to indicate the extent of the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, and in contradistinction to book . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• CODICIL (Lat. codicillus, a little book or tablet, diminutive of codex)

codicil in a will of 1495 is called "this pampelet" (Test . Ebor. iv . 26) . In the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the word was used for single plays, poems, See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers and See also:

• NEWS

news letters (See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray's New English See also:

• DIET

Diet. vii . 410) . Not till the 18th century did pamphlet begin to assume its See also:

• MODERN

modern meaning of See also:

• PROSE

prose controversial See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract . " Pamphlet " and " pamphletaire " are of comparatively See also:

• RECENT

recent introduction into See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French from the English, and generally indicate fugitive See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of a more severe, not to say libellous, See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character than with us .

The derivation of the word is a subject of contention among etymologists . The supposed origin from the amatory poem of " See also:

• PAMPHILUS
• PAMPHILUS (1st century A.D.)

Pamphilus," and a certain Panlphila, an author of the 1st century, may be dismissed as fanciful . The experts are also undecided as to what is actually understood by a pamphlet . Some bibliographers apply the See also:

• TERM

term to everything, except See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals, of See also:

• QUARTO

quarto See also:

• SIZE

size and under, if not more than fifty pages, while others would limit its application to two or three sheets of printed See also:

• MATTER

matter which have first appeared in an unbound See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . These are merely See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical peculiarities, and include academical See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations, See also:

• CHAP

chap-books and broad-sides, which from their See also:

• SPECIAL

special subjects belong to a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate class from the pamphlet proper . As regards its See also:

• LITERARY

literary characteristics, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief notes of a pamphlet are brevity and spontaneity . It has a distinct aim, and relates to some matter of current See also:

• INTEREST

interest, whether See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, religious, See also:

• POLITICAL

political or literary . Usually intended to support a particular See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument, it may be descriptive, controversial, didactic or satirical . It is not so much a class, as a See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of literature, and from its ephemeral character represents the changeful currents of public See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion more closely than the bulky See also:

• VOLUME

volume published after the formation of that opinion . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of pamphlets being the entire See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of popular feeling, all that is necessary here is to briefly indicate the chief families of political and religious pamphlets which have exercised marked See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, and more particularly in those countries—See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England an& See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France—where pamphlets have made so large a figure in influencing thoughts and events . It is difficult to point out much in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient literature which precisely answers to our modern view of the pamphlet . The libelli famosi of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans were simply abusive pasquinades .

Some of the small See also:

• TREATISES

treatises of See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian, the lost See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato of See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, See also:

• SENECA

Seneca's Apocolocyntosis written against See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius, See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian's Kataapes f7 avpiroacov and 'Avatoxiads 1 w o7rWywv, from their See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general application, just See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of being See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere satires, and may therefore claim to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early specimens of the pamphlet . At the end of the 14th century the Lollard doctrines were widely circulated by means of the tracts and leaflets of Wyclif and his followers . The Ploughman's See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

Prayer and Lanthorne of See also:

• LIGHT

Light, which appeared about the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Oldcastlg's martyrdom, were extremely popular, and similar brief See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular pieces became so See also:

• COMMON

common that it was thought necessary in 1418 to enact that persons in authority should See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search out and apprehend all persons owning English books . The printers of the 15th century produced many controversial tractates, and Caxton and Wynkin de Worde printed in the lesser form . It was in France that the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing-See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press first began to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply See also:

• READING

reading for the Common See also:

• PEOPLE

people . During the last twenty years of the 15th century there arose an extensive popular literature of farces, tales in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and prose, satires, almanacs, &c., extending to a few leaves apiece, and circulated by the itinerant booksellers still known as colporteurs . These folk-books soon spread from France to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and were introduced into England at the beginning of the 16th century, doubtless from the same See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter, as most of our early chap-books are See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations or adaptations from the French . Another form of literature even more transient was the See also:

• BROADSIDE

broadside, or single See also:

• SHEET

sheet printed on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side only, which appears to have flourished principally in England, but which had been in use from the first invention of printing for papal indulgences, royal proclamations and similar documents . Throughout western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century, the broadside made a consider-able figure in times of political agitation . In England it was chiefly used for See also:

• BALLADS

ballads, which soon became so extremely popular that during the first ten years of the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth the names of no less than See also:

• FORTY

forty ballad printers appear in the Stationers' registers . The humanist See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement at the beginning of the 16th century produced the famous Epistolae obscurorum virorum, and the leading See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period—See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus, See also:

• HUTTEN, PHILIPP VON (c. 1511—1546)
• HUTTEN, ULRICH VON (1488—1523)

Hutten, See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther, See also:

• MELANCHTHON, FHILIPP (1497–155o)

Melanchthon, Francowitz, Vergerio, See also:

• CURIO, OAIUS SCRIBONIUS

Curio and See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin—found in -tracts a ready method of widely circulating their opinions . The course of ecclesiastical events was precipitated in England by the Supplicacyon for the Beggars (1528) of See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish, answered by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas More's Supplycacion of Poor Soulys .

In the time of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VI. brief tracts were largely used as a propagandist See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument in favour of the Reformed See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . The licensing of the press by See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary greatly hindered the production of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of literature . From about 1570 there came an unceasing flow of Puritan pamphlets, of which more than forty were reprinted under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of A See also:

• PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment)

pane of a See also:

• REGISTER

register (See also:

• LONDON

London, See also:

• WALDEGRAVE

Waldegrave, 4to) . In 1584 was published a tract entitled A briefe and plaine See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration concerning the desires of all those faithful ministers that have and do seeke for the discipline and reformation of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of Englande, believed to have been written by W . See also:

• FULKE, WILLIAM (1538-1589)

Fulke D.D . Against this See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

Bridges, See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean of Sarum, preached at See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's See also:

• CROSS

Cross, and See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded his See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon into what he called A See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government established in the church of England (1587), which gave rise to Oh read over D . John Bridges . . . . Printed at the cost and charges of M . Marprelate See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman (1588), which first gave the name to the famous See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin Marprelate tracts, whose titles sufficiently indicate their opposition to priestly orders and See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

episcopacy . See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's Admonition to the People of England (1589) came next, followed on the other side by See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay any worke for Cooper . . . by Martin the Metropolilane, and by others from both parties to the number of about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-two .

The controversy lasted ten years, and ended in the discomfiture of the Puritans and the seizure of their See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret press . The writers on the Marprelate side are generally supposed to have been See also:

• PENRY, JOHN (1559-1593)

Penry, Throgmorton, See also:

• UDAL (Dan. odel)
• UDAL, NICHOLAS (1504—1556)

Udal and See also:

• FENNER, DUDLEY (c. 1558-1587)

Fenner, and their opponents Bishop Cooper, John See also:

• LILLY, WILLIAM (16oz-1681)

Lilly and See also:

• NASH, RICHARD (1674-1762)

Nash . As early as the middle of the 16th century we find ballads of news; and in the reigns of Elizabeth and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. small pamphlets, translated from the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and French, and known as "news-books," were circulated by the so-called " See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury-See also:

• WOMEN

women." These were the immediate predecessors of weekly newspapers, and continued to the end of the 17th century . A See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation was issued by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II., on the 12th of May 1680, " for suppressing the printing and See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing of unlicensed news-books and pamphlets of news." In the 17th century pamphlets began to contribute more than ever to the formation of public opinion . Nearly one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred were written by or about the restless John See also:

• LILBURNE, JOHN (c. 1614-1657)

Lilburne, but still more numerous were those of the undaunted See also:

• PRYNNE, WILLIAM (1600-1669)

Prynne, who him-self published above one hundred and sixty, besides many weighty folios and quartos . Charles I. found energetic supporters in See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Heylin and Sir See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger L'Estrange, the latter noted for the coarseness of his See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen . The most distinguished pamphleteer of the period was John See also:

• MILTON
• MILTON, JOHN (1608–1674)

Milton, who began his career in this direction by five anti-episcopal tracts (1641-1642) during the Smectymnuus See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel . In 1643 his wife's See also:

• DESERTION

desertion caused him to publish anonymously See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine and discipline of See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce, followed by several others on the same subject . He printed Of See also:

• EDUCATION

Education; to Mr . See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• HARTLIB, SAMUEL (c. 1599–c. 1670)

Hartlib in 1644, and, unlicensed and unregistered, his famous Areopagitica—a speech for the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of unlicensed printing . He defended the trial and See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king in See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

Tenure of See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and magistrates (1648) . The Eikon Basilike dispute was conducted with more ponderous weapons than the kind we are now discussing .

When See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

Monk held supreme See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power Milton addressed to him The See also:

• PRESENT

present means of a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth and Readie and easie way (1660), both See also:

• PLEADING (Fr. plaider, plaidoyer)

pleading for a commonwealth in preference to a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . John See also:

• GOODWIN, JOHN (c. 1594–1665)
• GOODWIN, NATHANIEL CARL (1857– )
• GOODWIN, THOMAS (1600-168o)
• GOODWIN, WILLIAM WATSON (1831– )

Goodwin, the author of Obstructors of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

Justice (1649), John Phillipps, the See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of Milton, and Abiezer Coppe were violent and prolific See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan writers, the last-named specially known for his extreme Presbyterian principles . The tract Killing no See also:

• MURDER

murder (1657), aimed at See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell, and attributed to See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus or Colonel See also:

• SEXBY, EDWARD (d. 1658)

Sexby, excited more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention than any other political effusion of the time . The history of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War period is told See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by day in the well-known collection made by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• THOMASON, GEORGE (d. 1666)

Thomason the bookseller, now preserved in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . It includes pamphlets, books, newspapers and See also:

• MSS

MSS. See also:

• RELATING

relating to the Civil War, the Commonwealth and Restoration, and See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers 22,255 pieces ranging from 1640 to 1661, and is See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in 2008 volumes . Each See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article was dated by Thomason at the time of acquisition . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller was another bookseller famous for his collection of pamphlets (1600-171o), which were catalogued by Tooker . William Laycock printed a Proposal for raising a fund for buying them up for the nation . The See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic controversy during the reign of James II. gave rise to a multitude of books and pamphlets, which have been described by See also:

• PECK

Peck (See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue, 1735) and by See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones (Catalogue, Chetham Society, 2 vols., 1859-1865) . Politics were naturally the chief feature of the floating literature connected with the Revolution of 1688 . The political tracts of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• HALIFAX
• HALIFAX, CHARLES MONTAGUE, EARL OF (1661–1715)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE MONTAGU DUNK, 2ND EARL OF (1716-1771)
• HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILE, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1633-1695)

Halifax are interesting both in matter and manner . He wrote The character of a See also:

• TRIMMER, JOSHUA (1795-1857)

trimmer (1688), circulated in MS. as early as 1685 .

About the middle of the reign See also:

• DEFOE, DANIEL (c. 1.659—1731)

Defoe was introduced to William III., and produced the first of his pamphlets on occasional conformity . He issued in 1697 his two defences of See also:

• STANDING

standing armies in support of the government, and published sets of tracts on the See also:

• PARTITION

partition treaty, the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union with See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, and many other subjects . His Shortest Way with the Dissenters (1702) placed him in the See also:

• PILLORY (0. Fr. pilori, Prov. espitlori, from Lat. speculatorium, a place of observation or " peep-hole ")

pillory . Under See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne pamphlets arrived at a remarkable degree of importance . Never before or since has this method of publication been used by such masters of thought and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . Political See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing of any degree of authority was almost entirely confined to pamphlets . If the Whigs were able to command the services of See also:

• ADDISON, JOSEPH (1672-1719)

Addison and See also:

• STEELE
• STEELE, ANNE (1717-1778)
• STEELE, SIR RICHARD (1672-1729)
• STEELE, THOMAS (1788-1848)
• STEELE, WILLIAM (d. 1680)

Steele, the Tories fought with the terrible pen of See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift . Second in power if not in literary ability were See also:

• BOLINGBROKE, HENRY ST JOHN, VISCOUNT (1678-1751)

Bolingbroke, See also:

• SOMERS, JOHN SOMERS (or SOMMERS), BARON (1651–1716)

Somers, See also:

• ATTERBURY, FRANCIS (1662-1732)

Atterbury, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

Prior and Pulteney . The government viewed with a jealous See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye the free use of this powerful instrument, and St John seized upon fourteen book-sellers and publishers in one day for " libels " upon the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration (see See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of Queen Anne, Oct . 23, 1711) . In 1712 a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was laid upon newspapers and pamphlets, displeasing all parties, and soon falling into disuse . Bishop See also:

• HOADLY, BENJAMIN (1676-1761)

Hoadly'ssermon on the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ (1717), denying that there was any such thing as a visible Church of Christ, occasioned the Bangorian controversy, which produced nearly two hundred pamphlets .

Soon after this period party-writing declined from its comparatively high See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard and See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into meaner and venal hands . Under George III . See also:

• BUTE
• BUTE, JOHN STUART, 3RD EARL OF (1713-1792)

Bute took Dr Shebbeare from Newgate in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to employ his pen . The See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court party received the support of a few able pamphlets, among which may be mentioned The See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the German War against the policy of See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, and The See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

droit de See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy (1764) vindicating the prerogative . We must not forget that although Samuel See also:

• JOHNSON, ANDREW
• JOHNSON, ANDREW (1808–1875)
• JOHNSON, BENJAMIN (c. 1665-1742)
• JOHNSON, EASTMAN (1824–1906)
• JOHNSON, REVERDY (1796–1876)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD (1573–1659 ?)
• JOHNSON, RICHARD MENTOR (1781–1850)
• JOHNSON, SAMUEL (1709-1784)
• JOHNSON, SIR THOMAS (1664-1729)
• JOHNSON, SIR WILLIAM (1715–1774)
• JOHNSON, THOMAS

Johnson was a pensioned See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe he has for an excuse that his political tracts are his worst performances . See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• BURKE
• BURKE, ROBERT
• BURKE, SIR JOHN BERNARD (1814–1892)
• BURKE, WILLIAM (1792–1829)

Burke, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, has produced in this form some of his most valued writings . The troubles in See also:

• AMERICA

America and the union between See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain are subjects which are abundantly illustrated in pamphlet literature . Early in the l9th century the rise of the quarterly reviews threw open a new channel of publicity to those who had previously used pamphlets to spread their opinions, and later on the rapid growth of monthly magazines and weekly reviews afforded controversialists a much See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole certain and extensive circulation than they could ensure by an isolated publication . Although pamphlets are no longer the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole or most important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor of public opinion, the minor literature of great events is never likely to be entirely confined to periodicals . The following topics, which might be largely increased in number, have each been discussed by a multitude of pamphlets, most of which, however, are likely to have been hopeless aspirants for a more certain means of preservation: the See also:

• BULLION

Bullion Question (1810), the Poor See also:

• LAWS

Laws (1828-1834), Tracts for the Times and the ensuing controversy (1833-1845), Dr See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden (1836), the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian Revolt (1837-1838), the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

Corn Laws (1841–1848), Gorham Controversy (1849-185o), See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War and See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny (1854-1859), See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig-See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein (1863–1864), Ireland (1868-1869), the Franco-German War, with See also:

• DAME
• DAME (through the Fr. from Lat. domina, mistress, lady, the feminine of dominus, master, lord)

Dame See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa's School and its imitators (1870-1871), Vaticanism, occasioned by Mr See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone's Vatican Decrees (1874), the Eastern Question (1877–1880), the Irish See also:

• LAND

Land Laws (1880-1882), Ireland and See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home See also:

• RULE

Rule (1885-1886), See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICAN

African War (1899–1902) and See also:

• TARIFF (adapted in English from the French; the word comes through the Spanish tarifa, a list or schedule of prices, from the Arabic, ta'rifa, information, an inventory, 'arf, know-ledge)

Tariff Reform (1903) . France.—The activity of the French press in putting forth small tracts in favour of the Reformed religion caused the See also:

• SORBONNE

Sorbonne in 1523 to See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition the king to abolish the diabolical See also:

• ART

art of printing . Even one or two sheets of printed matter were found too cumbersome, and single leaves or placards were issued in such numbers that they were the subject of a special See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict on the 28th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1553 .

An ordonnance of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1566 was specially directed against libellous pamphlets and those who wrote, printed or even possessed them . The rivalry between See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. and Charles V. gave rise to many political pamphlets, and under Francis II. the Guises were attacked by similar means . Fr . See also:

• HOTMAN, FRANCOIS (1524-1590)

Hotman directed his Epistre envoiee au tygre de France against the See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal de See also:

• LORRAINE

Lorraine . The See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III. in particular were severely handled in See also:

• LES

Les Hermaphrodites (c . 1605), which was followed by a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of imitations . Between Francis I. and Charles IX. the general See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the pamphlet-literature was See also:

• GRAVE

grave and pedantic . From the latter period to the See also:

• DEATH

death of Henry IV. it became more cruel and dangerous . The Satyre Menippee (1594) one of the most perfect See also:

• MODELS

models of the pamphlet in the language, did See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite harm to the See also:

• LEAGUE

League . The pamphlets against the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits were many and violent . Pere Richeome defended the order in See also:

• CHASSE (Fr. for " chased ")
• CHASSE (from the Fr., in full chasse-cafe, or " coffee-chaser ")

Chasse du See also:

• RENARD, ALPHONSE FRANCOIS (1842-1903)

renard See also:

• PASQUIER, ETIENNE (1529-1615)
• PASQUIER, ETIENNE DENIS

Pasquier (1603), the latter See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person being their vigorous opponent See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne Pasquier . On the death of the king the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was filled with appeals for revenge against the Jesuits for his murder; the best known of them was the Anti-Caton (1611), generally attributed to Cesar de Plaix .

During the regency of Mary de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici the pamphlet changed its severer form to a more facetious type . In spite of the danger of such proceeding under the uncompromising See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu, there was no lack of libels upon him, which were even in most instances printed in France . These largely increased during the See also:

• FRONDE, THE

Fronde, but it was See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin who was the subject of more of this literature than any other See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical personage . It has been calculated that from the Parisian press alone there came sufficient Mazarinades to fill 15o quarto volumes each of 400 pages . Eight hundred were published during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris (Feb . 8 to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1649) . A collection of satirical pieces was entitled Tableau du gouvernement de Richelieu, Mazarin, See also:

• FOUQUET (or FOUCQUET), NICOLAS (1615-168o)

Fouquet, et See also:

• COLBERT, JEAN BAPTISTE (1619-1683)

Colbert (1693) . P