See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT NIKITA IVANOVICH See also:

• COUNT NIKITA IVANOVICH PANIN (1718—1783)

PANIN (1718—1783)  , See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• DANZIG, or DANTSIC (Polish Gdansk)

Danzig on the 18th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1718 . He passed his childhood at See also:

• PERNAU (in Russ. Pernov and in Esthonian Pernolin)

Pernau, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was commandant . In 1740 he entered the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and rumour had it that he was one of the favourites of the empress See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . In 1747 he was accredited to See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen as Russian See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, but a few months later was transferred to See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, .where for the next twelve years he played a conspicuous See also:

• PART

part as the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief opponent of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French party . It is said that during his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden See also:

• PANIN, NIKITA IVANOVICH, COUNT (1718—1783)

Panin, who certainly had a strong speculative See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent, conceived a fondness for constitutional forms of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government .. Politically he was a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• ALEXIS
• ALEXIS, WILLIBALD

Alexis Bestuzhev; consequently, when in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle 'fifties See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia suddenly turned Francophil instead of Francophobe, Panin's position became extremely difficult . However, he found a friend in Bestuzhev's supplanter, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• VORONTSOV
• VORONTSOV (or WoRoNZOFF)

Vorontsov, and when in 176o he was unexpectedly appointed the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the little See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence was assured . He was on See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side during the revolution of 1762, but his See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the influence which the Orlovs seemed likely to obtain over the new empress predisposed him to favour the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of his See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward the grand duke Paul as See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, with Catherine as See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent only . To circumscribe the influence of the ruling favourites he next suggested the formation of a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of six or eight ministers, through whom all the business of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was to be transacted; but Catherine, suspecting in the skilfully presented novelty a subtle See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to limit her See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, rejected it after some hesitation . Nevertheless Panin continued to be indispensable . He owed his influence partly to the fact that he was the governor of Paul, who was greatly attached to him; partly to the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar circumstances in which Catherine had mounted the See also:

• THRONE

throne; and partly to his knowledge of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs . Although acting as minister of foreign affairs he was never made See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor; but he was the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• MENTOR

mentor of Catherine during the first eighteen years of her reign .

Panin was the inventor of the famous " See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

Accord," which aimed at opposing a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of Russia, See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, Sweden, and perhaps See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, against the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon-See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg See also:

• LEAGUE

League . Such an attempt to bind together nations with such different aims and characters was doomed to failure . Great Britain, for instance, could never be persuaded that it was as much in her interests as in the interests of Russia to subsidize the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-French party in Sweden . Yet the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the " Northern Accord," though never quite realized, had important political consequences and influenced the policy of Russia for many years . It explains, too, Panin's See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange tenderness towards Poland . For a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he could not endure the thought of destroying her, because he regarded her as an indispensable member of his "Accord," wherein she was to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, whom circumstances had temporarily detached from the Russian See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . Poland, Panin opined, would be especially useful in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental combinations . All the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic questions concerning Russia from 1762 to 1783 are intimately associated with the name of Panin . It was only when the impossibility of realizing the " Northern Accord " became patent that his influence began to wane, and Russia sacrificed millions of roubles fruitlessly in the endeavour to carry out his pet See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . After 1772, when Gustavus III. upset Panin's plans in Sweden, Panin, whose policy hitherto had been at least See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, became more and more subservient to See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. of Prussia . As to Poland, his views differed widely from the views of both Frederick and Catherine . He seriously guaranteed the integrity of See also:

• POLISH

Polish territory, after placing See also:

• STANISLAUS

Stanislaus II. on the throne, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that Poland, undivided and as strong as circumstances would permit, might be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn wholly within the See also:

• ORBIT (from Lat. orbita, a track, orbis, a wheel)

orbit of Russia .

But he did not foresee the complications which were likely to arise from Russia's interference in the domestic affairs of Poland . Thus the See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar, and the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War thereupon ensuing, took him completely by surprise and considerably weakened his position . He was forced to acquiesce in the first See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Poland, and when Russia came off third best, See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory See also:

• ORLOV

Orlov declared in the council that the minister who had signed such a partition treaty was worthy of See also:

• DEATH

death . Panin further incensed Catherine by meddling with the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage arrangements of the grand duke Paul and by advocating a closer alliance with Prussia, whereas the empress was beginning to incline more and more towards Austria . Nevertheless; even after the second marriage of Paul Panin maintained all his old influence over his pupil, who, like himself, was now a warm admirer of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Prussia . There are even traditions from this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of an actual See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy of Panin and Paul against the empress . As the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian influence increased Panin found a fresh enemy in See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph II., and the efforts of the old statesman to prevent a matrimonial alliance between the Russian and Austrian courts determined Catherine to get rid of a counsellor of whom, for some mysterious See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, she was secretly afraid . The circumstances of his disgrace are complicated and obscure . The final rupture seems to have arisen on the question of the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of " the armed See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North;" but we know that See also:

• POTEMKIN, GRIGORY ALEKSANDROVICH, PRINCE (1739-1791)

Potemkin and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris (afterwards 1st See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury), were both working against him some time before that . In May 1781 Panin was dismissed . He died in Italyy on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1783 . Panin was one of the most learned, accomplished and courteous Russians of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day .

Catherine called him " her See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia." The earl of See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire declared him to be the most amiable negotiator he had ever met . He was also of a most humane disposition and a friend of Liberal institutions . As to his honesty and kindness of See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart there were never two opinions . By nature a sybarite, he took care to have the best See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

cook in the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, and See also:

• WOMEN

women had for him an irresistible attraction, though he was never married . See See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count N . I . Panin (See also:

• RAS

Ras.; St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1787); Political See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence (Rus. and Fr.), Collections of Russian Histor . Society, vol. ix . (St Petersburg, 1872); V . A . Bilbasov, Geschichte Katharina II . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1891-1893) ; A .

See also:

• BRUCKNER, ANTON (1824–1896)

Bruckner, Materials for the See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography of Count Panin (Rus.; St Petersburg, 1888) . (R . N .