See also:

• PANSY, or HEARTSEASE

PANSY, or HEARTSEASE  . This See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower has been so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long cultivated that its source is a See also:

• MATTER

matter of uncertainty . As we now see it, it is a purely artificial See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, differing considerably from any See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild plant known . It is generally supposed to be merely a cultivated See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• VIOLA [Fr. viole, Ger. Bratsche, Ital. viola, alto]

Viola tricolor (see See also:

• VIOLET

VIOLET), a See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed, while others assert it to be the result of hybridization between V. tricolor and other See also:

• SPECIES

species such as V. altaica, V. grandiflora, &c . Some experiments of M . See also:

• CARRIERE, MORITZ (1817-1895)

Carriere go to show that seeds of the wild V. tricolor will produce forms so like those of the cultivated See also:

• PANSY, or HEARTSEASE

pansy that it is reasonable to assume that that flower has originated from the wild plant by continuous selection . The changes that have been effected from the wild type are, Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), about See also:

• HALF

half nat. See also:

• SIZE

size . 1, Stamen, with See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur . 3, Transverse See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of same . 2, See also:

• PISTIL

Pistil, after fertilization, cut 1–3 enlarged . lengthwise, showing the numer- ous parietally attached ovules . however, more striking to the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye than really fundamental .

Increase in size, an alteration in form, by virtue of which the narrow oblong petals are converted into circular ones, and See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the intensity and See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour—these are the changes that have been wrought by continued selection, while the more essential parts of the flower have been relatively unaffected . The See also:

• MODERN

modern varieties of the pansy consist of the show varieties, and the See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy varieties, obtained from See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium, and now very much improved . Show varieties are subdivided according to the colour of the See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers into selfs, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white grounds and yellow grounds . The fancy or Belgian pansies have various See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours blended, and the petals are blotched, streaked or edged . The bedding varieties, known as violas or tufted pansies, have been raised by See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale-See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue Viola cornuta, and also V. lutea, with the show pansies . They are hardier than the true pansies and are See also:

• FREE

free-blooming sorts marked rather by effectiveness of colour in the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass than by quality in the individual flower; they are extremely useful in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring and summer flower-gardening . The pansy flourishes in well enriched See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden See also:

• SOIL

soil, in an open but cool situation, a loamy soil being preferable . Cow-dung is the best manure on a See also:

• LIGHT

light soil . The established sorts are increased by cuttings, whilst seeds are sown to procure novelties . The cuttings, which should consist by preference of the smaller non-flowering growths from the See also:

• BASE

base of the plant, may be inserted See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, in sandy soil, under a See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-light or in boxes under See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, and as soon as rooted should be removed to a fresh See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of See also:

• FINE

fine sandy soil . The seeds may be sown in See also:

• JULY

July, See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August or September . The bed may be prepared early in September, to be in readiness for planting, by being well manured with cow-dung and trenched up to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 2 ft .

The See also:

• PLANTS

plants should be planted in rows at about a See also:

• FOOT

foot apart . In spring they should be mulched with half-rotten manure, and the shoots as they lengthen should be pegged down into this enriched See also:

• SURFACE

surface to induce the foranation of new roots . If the blooms show signs of exhaustion by the inconstancy of their colour or marking, all the flowers should be picked off, and this See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top-dressing and pegging-down See also:

• PROCESS

process performed in a thorough manner, watering in dry See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and keeping as cool as possible . Successional beds may be put in about See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young plants being struck later, and wintered in See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold frames . The fancy pansies require similar treatment, ,but are generally of a more.vigorous constitution . When grown in pots in a cold See also:

• FRAME

frame, about half a dozen shoots filling out a 6-in. pot, pansies are very handsome decorative See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . The cuttings should be struck early in August, and the plants shifted into their blooming-pots by the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of See also:

• OCTOBER

October; a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich open loamy compost is necessary to success, and they must be kept free of See also:

• APHIDES (pl. of Aphis)

aphides . Both the potted plants and those grown in the open beds benefit by the use of liquid manure .