PAPIER  See also:

• MACH, ERNST (1838– )

MACH$ (See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French for mashed or pulped See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper), a See also:

• TERM

term embracing numerous manufactures in which paper pulp is employed, pressed and moulded into various forms other than See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform sheets . The See also:

• ART

art has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been practised in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian papier mache has long been noted, and in See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir under the name of kar-i-kalamdani, or See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen-See also:

• TRAY

tray See also:

• WORK

work, the manufacture of small painted boxes, trays and cases of papier mache is a characteristic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . In See also:

• JAPAN

Japan articles are made by gluing together a number of sheets of paper, when in a See also:

• DAMP

damp See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, upon moulds . See also:

• CHINA

China also produces elegant papier mache articles . About the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century papier mache work came into prominence in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of trays, boxes and other small domestic articles, japanned and ornamented in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental manufactures of the same class, or of lacquered See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood; and contemporaneously papier mache See also:

• SNUFF (from " to snuff, " i.e. to inhale, to draw in through the nose; cf. Dutch snuf, scent, Ger. Schnupfen, a cold, catarrh, and Eng. " snuffle, " " sniff, " &c.)

snuff-boxes ornamented in vernis See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin came into favour . In 1772 See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay of See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham patented a method of preparing this material, which he used for See also:

• COACH (through the Fr. coche, originally from the Magyar kocsi, an adjective from the Hungarian place named Kocs, between Raab and Buda, i.e. the sort of vehicle used there in the 15th century)

coach-See also:

• BUILDING

building, for See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door and other panels, and for many See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture and structural purposes . In 1845 the application of the material to See also:

• INTERNAL

internal architectural decoration was patented by C . F . See also:

• BIELEFELD

Bielefeld of See also:

• LONDON

London, and for this purpose it has come into extensive use . Under the name of carton See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre a substance which is essentially papier mache is also largely employed as a substitute 6 See further Did. of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ and the Gospels, s.v . The supposition that See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side implies a date under See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake .

For the later date, see J . B . See also:

• LIGHTFOOT, JOHN (1602-1675)
• LIGHTFOOT, JOSEPH BARBER (1828-1889)

Lightfoot, Essays on " Supernatural See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion" (1889), pp . 142-216 . is for See also:

• PLASTER

plaster in the moulded ornaments of See also:

• ROOFS

roofs and walls, and the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary roofing felts, too, are very closely allied in their See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition to papier macho . Under the name of ceramic papier macho, architectural enrichments are also made of a composition derived from paper pulp, See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin, See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue, a drying oil and acetate of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . Among the other articles for which the substance is used may be enumerated masks, dolls' heads and other toys, anatomical and botanical See also:

• MODELS

models, artists' See also:

• RAY (Lat. raia)
• RAY (or WRAY, as he wrote his name till 1670), JOHN (1628-1705)

ray figures, milliners' and clothiers' blocks, See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror and picture-frames, tubes, &c . The materials for the commoner classes of work are old See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste and scrap paper, repulped and mixed with a strong See also:

• SIZE

size of glue and See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste . To this very often are added large quantities of ground See also:

• CHALK

chalk, clay and See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, so that the preparation is little more than a plaster held together by the fibrous pulp . Wood pulp (from See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden) is now largely used for making papier macho . For the finest class of work Clay's See also:

• ORIGINAL

original method is retained . It consists of soaking several sheets of a specially made paper in a strong size of paste and glue, pasting these together, and pressing them in the See also:

• MOULD

mould of the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article to be made .

The moulded See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass is dried in a See also:

• STOVE

stove, and, if necessary, further similar layers of paper are added, till the required thickness is attained . The dried See also:

• OBJECT

object is hardened by dipping in oil, after which it is variously trimmed and prepared for See also:

• JAPANNING

japanning and ornamentation . For very delicate See also:

• RELIEF

relief ornaments, a pulp of scrap paper is prepared, which after drying is ground to See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder mixed with paste and a proportion of potash, all of which are thoroughly incorporated into a fine smooth stiff paste . The numerous processes by which See also:

• SURFACE

surface decoration is applied to papier macho differ in no way from the application of like ornamentation to other surfaces . Papier macho for its See also:

• WEIGHT

weight is an exceedingly tough, strong, durable substance, possessed of some See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity, little subject to warp or fracture, and unaffected by damp . See L . E . See also:

• ANDES

Andes, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Fabrikation der Papiermache- and Papierstoff-Waaren (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 1900); A . Winzer, Die Bereitung and Beniitzstng der Papiermache and dhnlicher Kompositionen (4th ed., See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar, 1907) .