See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH See also:

• LOUIS JOSEPH PAPINEAU (1786-1871)

PAPINEAU (1786-1871)  , See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel and politician, son of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• PAPINEAU, LOUIS JOSEPH (1786-1871)

Papineau, royal See also:

• NOTARY, or NOTARY PUBLIC

notary and member of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of See also:

• LOWER

Lower See also:

• CANADA

Canada, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MONTREAL

Montreal on the 7th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1786 . He was educated at the See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary of See also:

• QUEBEC

Quebec, where he See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the See also:

• GIFT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. die Gift, gift, das Gift, poison, formed from the Teut. stem gab-, to give, cf. Dutch geven, Ger. geben; in O. Eng. the word appears with initial y, the guttural of later English is due to Scandinavian influence)

gift of declamatory and persuasive See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory . He was called to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar of Lower Canada on the 19th of May 18 to . On the 18th of See also:

• JUNE

June 18o8 he was elected a member of the House of Assembly of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Lower Canada, for the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent . In 1815 he became See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker of the house, being already recognized as the See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Canadian party . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there were many grievances in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country which demanded redress; but each See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction was more inclined to insist upon the exercise of its See also:

• SPECIAL

special rights than to fulfil its See also:

• COMMON

common responsibilities . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1820 See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• DALHOUSIE, FOX MAULE RAMSAY
• DALHOUSIE, JAMES ANDREW BROUN RAMSAY, 1ST MARQUESS

Dalhousie, See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Lower Canada, appointed Papineau a member of the executive See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council; but Papineau, finding himself without real See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the council, resigned in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1823 . In that See also:

• YEAR

year he went to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to protest on behalf of the French Canadians against the projected See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Upper and Lower Canada, a See also:

• MISSION

mission in which he was successful . Nevertheless his opposition to the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government became more and more pronounced, till in 1827 Lord Dalhousie refused to confirm his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the speakership, and resigned his governorship when the house persisted in its choice . The aim of the French Canadian opposition at this time was to obtain See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial and also constitutional reforms . Matters came to a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head when 'the legislative assembly of Lower Canada refused supplies and Papineau arranged for concerted See also:

• ACTION

action with See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, the leader of the reform party in Upper Canada . In 1835 Lord Gosford, the new governor of Lower Canada, was instructed by the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet in See also:

• LONDON

London to inquire into the alleged grievances of the French Canadians .

But the attitude of the opposition remained no less hostile than before, and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1837 the governor was authorized to reject the demand for constitutional reform and to apply public funds in his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control to the purposes of government . In June a warning See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation by the governor was answered by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of violent speeches by Papineau, who in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August was deprived of his See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the See also:

• MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia . Papineau had formeriy professed a deep reverence for See also:

• BRITISH

British institutions, and he had acquired a theoretical knowledge of the constitution, but he did not possess the qualities of a statesman, and consequently in his determination to apply the strict See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of the constitution he overlooked those elements and compensating forces and See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers which through See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and usage had been incorporated in British institutions, and had given them permanence . In his earlier career he had voiced the aspirations of a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people at a time when it appeared to them that their See also:

• NATIONAL

national existence was threatened . In the course of time party strife became more See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter; real issues were lost sight of; and Papineau, falling in with the views of one O'Callaghan, who distrusted everything British, became an annexationist . Realizing that his cause was not advanced by persuasive eloquence, he adopted a threatening attitude which caused men of sober See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment to waver in their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance . These men he denounced as traitors; but a See also:

• BAND

band of youthful enthusiasts encouraged their leader in his revolutionary course . The See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Montreal and of Quebec, and a large number of the citizens, protested, but nothing less than bloodshed would satisfy the misguided patriots . On the 23rd of October 18J7 a See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of delegates from the six counties of Lower Canada was held at St See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles, at which resistance to the government by force of arms was decided upon, and in which Papineau took See also:

• PART

part . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November preparations were made for a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general stampede at Montreal, and on the 7th of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month Papineau's house was sacked and a fight took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place between the " constitutionals " and the "sons of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty." Towards the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of November See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• GORE
• GORE, CATHERINE GRACE FRANCES (1799-1861)
• GORE, CHARLES (1853– )

Gore was commanded to effect the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of Papineau and his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal adherents on a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of high See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . A few See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred armed men had assembled at See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis to resist the troops, and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early on the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 22nd of November hostilities commenced, which were maintained for several See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours and resulted in many casualties . On the See also:

• EVE

eve of the fray Papineau sought safety in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, followed by the leading See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement .

On the 1st of December 1837 a proclamation was issued, declaring Papineau a rebel, and placing a See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price upon his head . He had found shelter in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, where he remained in safety throughout the whole See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the fighting . The See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out afresh in the autumn of 1838, but it was soon repressed . Those taken in open rebellion were deported by Lord See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save them from the See also:

• SCAFFOLD
• SCAFFOLD, SCAFFOLDING (from the O. Fr. escafaut, originally escafalt, modern echafaud, a corruption of the Italian or Spanish calafalco, a platform, especially a canopy over a bier, a catafalque; this word is composed of O. Span. altar, O. Ital. catare, t

scaffold; and although 90 were condemned to See also:

• DEATH

death only 12 were executed . Attempts have been made to See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer the responsibility for the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of violence to O'Callaghan and other prominent leaders in the revolt; but Papineau's own words, " The patriots of this See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city would have avenged the See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre but they were so poor and so badly organized that they were not See also:

• FIT

fit to meet the See also:

• REGULAR

regular troops," prove that he did not discountenance recourse to arms . See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

Writing of the events of 1837 in the year 1848 he said: " The smallest success at Montreal or See also:

• TORONTO

Toronto would have induced the See also:

• AMERICAN

American government, in spite of its See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president, to support the movement." It would thus seem that he was intriguing to bring about intervention by the United States with a view to See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation; and as the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the French Canadian See also:

• RACE

race, which he professed to See also:

• DESIRE

desire, could not have been achieved under the constitution of the American See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, it is inconsistent to regard his services to his See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen as those of a true patriot . Papineau, in pursuing towards the end a policy of See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion, over-looked real grievances, and prevented remedial action . After the rebellion See also:

• RELIEF

relief was accorded because the obstacle was removed, and it is evident that a broad-minded statesman, or a skilful diplomat, would have accomplished more for French739 Canada than the fiery eloquence and dubious methods of a leader who plunged his followers into the throes of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, and deserted them at the supreme moment . From 1839 till 1847 Papineau lived in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . In the latter year an See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty was granted to those who had participated in the rebellion in Canada; and, although in June 1838 Lord Durham had issued a proclamation threatening Papineau with death if he returned to Canada, he was now admitted to the benefit of the amnesty . On his return to Canada, when the two provinces were now united, he became a member of the lower house and continued to take part in public See also:

• LIFE

life, demanding " the independence of Canada, for the Canadians need never expect See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice from England, and to submit to her would be an eternal disgrace." He unsuccessfully agitated for the re-See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of upper and lower Canada, and in 1854 retired into private life . He died at Montebello, in the province of Quebec, on the 24th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1871 .

See L . O . See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, See also:

• LES

Les Deux Papineau; Fennings See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Joseph Papineau (Montreal, 1865) ; See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred De Celles, Papineau-See also:

• CARTIER, JACQUES (149.1-'1557)
• CARTIER, SIR GEORGES ETIENNE

Cartier (Toronto, 1906); H . J . See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, Sketches of Celebrated Canadians (Quebec, 1862); See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

Rose's Cyclopaedia of Canadian See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography See also:

• ANNUAL

Annual See also:

• REGISTER

Register, 1836–1837 ; See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole, See also:

• HISTORY

History of England (5 vols., London, 1878-1886), vol. iii . (A . G .