See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

DENIS See also:

• DENIS PAPIN (1647-c. 1712)

PAPIN (1647-c. 1712)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French physicist, one of the inventors of the See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine, was a native of See also:

• BLOIS

Blois, where he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 22nd of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1647 . In 1661 or 1662 he entered upon the study of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine at the university of See also:

• ANGERS

Angers, where he graduated in 1669 . Some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to 1674 he removed to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and assisted Christiaan See also:

• HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)
• HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN (1596-1687)

Huygens in his experiments with the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-See also:

• PUMP

pump, the results of which (Experiences du Vuide) were published at Paris in that See also:

• YEAR

year, and also in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of five papers by Huygens and See also:

• PAPIN, DENIS (1647-c. 1712)

Papin jointly, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1675 . Shortly after the publication of the Experiences, Papin, who had crossed to See also:

• LONDON

London, was hospitably received by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle, whom he assisted in his laboratory and with his writings . About this time also he introduced into the air-pump the improvement of making it with See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double barrels, and replacing by the two valves the turncock hitherto used; he is said, moreover, to have been the first to use the See also:

• PLATE

plate and See also:

• RECEIVER

receiver . Subsequently he invented the condensing-pump, and in 168o he was admitted, on Boyle's nomination, to the Royal Society . In the previous year he had exhibited to the society his famous " steam digester, or engine for softening bones," afterwards described in a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract published at Paris and entitled La Maniere d'arnollir See also:

• LES

les os et de faire couire toutes sortes de viandes en fort peu de terns et a peu de frais, avec unc description de la marmite, ses proprietes et ses usages . This See also:

• DEVICE

device consisted of a See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel provided with a tightly fitting lid, so that under pressure its contents could be raised to a high temperature; a safety See also:

• VALVE (Lat. valva, a leaf of a double or folding door, allied to volvere, to roll, as of a door on its hinges)

valve was used, for the first time, to guard against an excessive rise in the pressure . After further experiments with the digester he accepted an invitation to See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice to take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• WORK

work of the recently founded See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of the Philosophical and Mathematical Sciences; here he remained until 1684, when he returned to London and received from the Royal Society an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as " temporary See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator of experiments," with a small See also:

• SALARY

salary . In this capacity he carried on numerous and varied investigations . He discovered a See also:

• SIPHON, or SYPHON (Lat. sipho; Gr. vi4xov, a tube)

siphon acting in the same manner as the " sipho wirtembergicus " (Phil . Tr., 1685), and also constructed a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of an engine for raising See also:

• WATER

water from a See also:

• RIVER

river by means of pumps worked by a water-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel driven by the current .

In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1687 he was appointed to the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics in the university of See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, and here he remained until 1696, when he removed to See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel . From thetime of his See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany he carried on an active See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Huygens and See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz, which is still preserved, and in one of his letters to Leibnitz, in 1698, he mentions that he is engaged on a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine for raising water to a See also:

• GREAT

great height by the force of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire; in a later communication he speaks also of a little See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage he had constructed to be propelled by this force . Again in 1702 he wrote about a steam " ballista," which he anticipated would " promptly compel See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to make an enduring See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace." In 1705 Leibnitz sent Papin a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Savery's engine for raising water, and this stimulated, him to further exertions, which resulted two years afterwards in the publication of the Ars nova ad aquam ignis adminiculo efficacissime elevandam (Cassel, 1707), in which his high-pressure See also:

• BOILER

boiler and its applications are described (see STEAM ENGINE) . In 1707 he resolved to quit Cassel for London, and on the 24th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September of that year he sailed with his See also:

• FAMILY

family from Cassel in an ingeniously constructed See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat, propelled by See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-wheels, to be worked by the See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew, with which he apparently expected to reach the mouth of the See also:

• WESER (O. Ger. Visuracha, Wisura, Lat. Visurgis)

Weser . At Miinden, however, the vessel was confiscated at the instance of the boatmen, who objected to the invasion of their exclusive privileges in the Weser See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . Papin, on his arrival in London, found himself without resources and almost without See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends; applications through See also:

• SIR

Sir Hans See also:

• SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane to the Royal Society for grants of See also:

• MONEY

money were made in vain, and he died in See also:

• TOTAL

total obscurity, probably about the beginning of 1712 . His name is attached to the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street of his native See also:

• TOWN

town, Blois, were also he is commemorated by a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue . The published writings of Papin, besides those already referred to, consist for the most part of a largo number of papers, principally on See also:

• HYDRAULICS (Gr. iS&,p, water, and ai,Xos, a pipe)

hydraulics and See also:

• PNEUMATICS (Gr. Irveiiµa, wind, air)

pneumatics, contributed to the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal See also:

• DES

des savans, the Nouvelles de la repubiique des le:tres, the Philosophical Transactions, and the Ada eruditorum; many of them were collected by himself into a Fascicular dissertationum (Marburg, 1695), of which he published also a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation into French, Recueil de diverses pieces touchant quelques nouvelles See also:

• MACHINES

machines (Cassel, 1695) . His correspondence with Leibnitz and Huygens, along with a See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, was published by Dr See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

Ernst Gerland (Leibnizens and Huygens Briefwechsel mit Papin, nebst der Biographie Papins (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1881) . See also L. de la Saussaye and E . Nan, La See also:

• VIE

Vie et les ouvrages de See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis Papin (Paris, 1869); and See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Ernout, Denis Papin, sa vie et ses ouvrages (4th. ed., 1888) .