See also:

• PAPUANS (Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic hair-dressing)

PAPUANS (See also:

• MALAY

Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair-dressing)  , the name given to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea and the other islands of See also:

• MELANESIA

Melanesia . The pure Papuan seems to be confined to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• PART

part of New Guinea, and possibly the interior . But See also:

• PAPUANS (Malay pap4wah or puwah-puwah, " frizzled," " woolly-haired," in reference to their characteristic hair-dressing)

Papuans of mixed See also:

• BLOOD

blood are found throughout the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island (unless the Karons be of Negrito stock), and from See also:

• FLORES

Flores in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to See also:

• FIJI
• FIJI (Viii)

Fiji in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east . The ethnological See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities of the Papuans have not been satisfactorily settled . Physically they are See also:

• NEGROID

negroid in type, and while tribes allied to the Papuans have been traced through See also:

• TIMOR
• TIMOR (Timur i Leng, the lame Timur)

Timor, Flores and the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula to the See also:

• DECCAN (Sans. Dakshina, " the South ")

Deccan of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, these"` See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental negroes," as they have been called, have many curious resemblances with some East See also:

• AFRICAN

African tribes . Besides the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, the raised cicatrices, the belief in omens and sorcery, the practices for testing the courage of youths, &c., they are equally See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude, merry and boisterous, but amenable to discipline, and with decided See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic tastes and See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty . Several of the above practices are See also:

• COMMON

common to the Australians, who, though generally inferior, have many points of resemblance (osteological and other) with Papuans, to whom the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct Tasmanians were still more closely allied . It may be that from an indigenous Negrito stock of the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago both negroes and Papuans sprang, and that the latter are an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CROSS

cross between the Negrito and the immigrating Caucasian who passed eastward to found the See also:

• GREAT

great . Polynesian See also:

• RACE

race) . The typical Papuan is distinctly tall, far exceeding the See also:

• AVERAGE

average Malay height, and is seldom shorter, often taller, than the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European . He is strongly built, somewhat "See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur-heeled." He varies in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour from a sooty-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown to a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, little less intense than that of the darkest See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro . He has a small dolichocephalous See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, prominent See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose somewhat curved and high but depressed at the tip, high narrow forehead with projecting brows, See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and dark eyes .

The See also:

• JAW (Mid. Eng. jawe, jowe and geowe, O. Eng. cheowan, connected with " chaw " and " chew," and in form with " jowl ")

jaw projects and the lips are full . His hair is black and frizzly, worn generally in a See also:

• MOP

mop, often of large dimensions, but sometimes worked into plaits with grease or mud . On some islands the men collect their hair into small bunches, and carefully bind each bunch See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round with See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable fibre from the roots up to within about two inches from the end . Dr Turner2 gives a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good description of this See also:

• PROCESS

process . He once counted the bunches on a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's head, and found nearly seven See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred . There is usually little hair on the face, but See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest, legs and fore-arms are generally hirsute, the hair See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and crisp . The constitution of society is everywhere See also:

• SIMPLE

simple . The t See also:

• HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley believed that the Papuans were more closely allied to the negroes of See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa than any other race . Later scientists have endeavoured to identify the Papuans with the See also:

• NEGRITOS (Span. for " little negroes ")

Negritos of the Philippines and the Semangs of the Malay Peninsula . See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred Russel See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace pronounced against this See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis in an appendix to his Malay Archipelago (1883 ed., p . 6oz), where he observes that " the black, woolly-haired races of the Philippines and the Malay Peninsula . . . have little See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity or resemblance to the Papuans .

Malay Dr A . B . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, who spent several years in the Malay Archipelago and New Guinea, See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a contrary conclusion in his See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Negritos der Philippinen (1878), holding that the Negritos and Papuans are identical, and that possibly, or even probably, the former are an offshoot of the latter, like some other Polynesian islanders . A . C . Haddon, discussing, in Nature (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1899), a later See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper by Dr Meyer in See also:

• ENGLISH

English on the same subject (The See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of the Negritos, See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, 1899), practically adopted Meyer's views, after an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent examination of numerous skulls . As to how the Papuans, who are the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of New Guinea, may have peopled other and much more distant islands, See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is lacking . 2 Nineteen Years in See also:

• POLYNESIA, (Gr. iroXi,, many, and vnno-os, island)
• POLYNESIA, MELANESIA, MICRONESIA (q.v.)

Polynesia, pp . 77, 78 . 742 people live in See also:

• VILLAGE

village communities whose members appear to be more or less inter-related . There are no priests and no hereditary chiefs, though among the more advanced tribes See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank is hereditary . Totemistic clans have been observed in Torres strait, and on the Finsch and west coasts .

Chiefship is quite unrecognized, except on the Keriwina Islands . Possessions, such as gardens, houses, pigs, &c., belong to individuals and not to the community, and pass to the owner's heirs, who differ in relationship in different districts . The See also:

• LAND

land within certain boundaries belongs to the tribe, but a member may take See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of any unappropriated portion . There are certain degrees of relationship within which a man may not marry . In some districts he may not marry into his own village, or into his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's tribe; in others he may select a wife from certain tribes only . See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

Payment, or a See also:

• PRESENT

present, is always made for a wife to her See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• BROTHER

brother or See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian (who is generally her maternal See also:

• UNCLE

uncle) . Presents are also often made to the See also:

• BRIDE (a common Teutonic word, e.g..Goth. bruths, O. Eng. bryd, O. H. Ger. prs2t, Mod. Ger. Bract, Dut. bruid, possibly derived from the root bru-, cook, brew; from the med. latinized form bruta, in the sense of daughter-in-law, is derived the Fr. bru)

bride . See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

Polygamy is practised, but not frequently, and from the wife (or wives) there comes no opposition . The See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child belongs sometimes to the mother's, sometimes to the father's tribe . The Papuan woman, who is, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, more modest than the Polynesian, is the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household drudge, and does the greater part of the outdoor See also:

• WORK

work, but the man assists in clearing new gardens and in digging and planting the See also:

• SOIL

soil . In western New Guinea, according to the Dutch missionaries, there is a vague notion of a universal spirit, practically represented Spirit- by several malevolent See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, as Manoin, the most See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship. powerful, who resides in the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods; Narwoje, in the clouds, above the trees, a sort of Erl-See also:

• KONIG, KARL RUDOLPH (1832-1901)

Konig who carries off See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children; Faknik, in the rocks by the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, who raises storms . As a See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against these the people construct—having first with much ceremony chosen a See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree for the purpose—certain 'rude images called karwars, each representing a recently dead See also:

• PRO

pro-genitor, whose spirit is then invoked to occupy the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image and protect them against their enemies and give success to their undertakings .

The See also:

• KARWAR, or CARWAR

karwar is about a See also:

• FOOT

foot high, with head disproportionately large; the male figures are sometimes represented with a See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, the See also:

• FEMALE

female holding a snake . They observe omens, have magicians and See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain-makers, and sometimes resort to See also:

• ORDEAL (O.Eng. ordal, ordael, judgment)

ordeal to discover a See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime . Temples (so called) are found in the north and west, built like the houses, but larger, the piles being carved into figures, and the roof-beams and other prominent points decorated with representations of crocodiles or lizards, coarse human figures, and other See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque ornamentation; but their use is not clear . Neither temples nor images (except small figures worn as amulets) occur among the people of the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east; but they have a great dread of departed See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, especially those of the hostile inland tribes, and of a being called Vata, who causes disease and See also:

• DEATH

death . All Papuans believe that within them resides an invisible other self, or spirit, which may occasionally leave the See also:

• BODY

body in the See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours of See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep and after death hovers for some See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period at least round the scenes of its embodied See also:

• LIFE

life . This See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

ghost acquires supernatural powers, which at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it may return to exercise inimically to relations or acquaintances who offend it . In the dark, and in the depths of forests or mountains, malevolent—never embodied—spirits love to be abroad . These are the spirits which, taking up their See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode in a village, cause disease and death ; and to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from such attacks the inhabitants may See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly the village for good, and, by dwelling scattered in the recesses of the See also:

• FOREST

forest for a time before choosing a new site, they See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope to throw their enemy off their trail . Spirits of evil, but not of good, therefore require to be propitiated . The powers of nature—See also:

• THUNDER

thunder, See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning and See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm, all supposed to be caused by evil and angry spirits—are held in the greatest dread . Under the See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category of religious observances may perhaps come those held previously to the departure of the great trading or lakatoi See also:

• FLEET

fleet: their See also:

• TABOO (also written tapu and tabu)

taboo-proclaiming customs, their ceremonial and sacred See also:

• INITIATION (Lat. inilium, beginning, entrance, from mire, to go in)

initiation ceremonies for boys and girls on reaching See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty, when masks are worn and the " See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull-roarer " swung, as also the See also:

• HARVEST (A.S. hcerfest " autumn," O.H. Ger. herbist, possibly through an old Teutonic root representing Lat. car pere, " to pluck ")

harvest festivals, at which great trophies of the produce of See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field and forest are erected, preparatory to a big feast enlivened with See also:

• MUSIC

music and dancing . In the north and north-east of New Guinea ancestor-worship is widely practised .

Amulets are worn to ensure success in buying, selling, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, fishing and in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, as well as for protection against evil . See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

Circumcision is practised in some regions . Although some of the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast peoples are nominally Mahommedans, and some few converts to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity have been made, the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of Papuans remain See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan . The deall are disposed of in various ways . The spirit is supposed not to leave the body immediately, and a See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse is either buried for a time, and then disinterred and the bones cleaned and deposited in or near the deceased's dwelling or in some distant See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave; or the body is exposed on a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform or dried over a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire, and the See also:

• MUMMY (from the Persian mumiai, pitch or asphalt)

mummy kept for a few years . Sometimes the head, oftener the jaw-boneand portions of the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton are preserved as See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics . Little houses are frequently erected over the See also:

• GRAVE

grave as a habitation for the spirit . Soon after death See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is offered to the departed—with an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant a See also:

• CALABASH (from the Span. calabaza, a gourd or pumpkin, possibly derived from the Pers. kharlunza, a melon)

calabash of its mother's See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk—and that he may have no wants, his earthly possessions, after being broken, are laid near his resting-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . A path through the See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle from the grave to the sea is often made so that the spirit may bathe . A widow must shave her head, smear her body with black and the exudations of the corpse, and See also:

• WEAR

wear See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long time . The dead are referred to by some roundabout phrase, never by name, for this might have the dangerous result of bringing back the spirit . These dwell chiefly in the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, and are particularly active at full moon .

The houses which they haunt, and beneath or near which their bodies are buried, are deserted from time to time, especially by a newly-married couple or by See also:

• WOMEN

women before child-See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . Yams, taro and sweet potatoes constitute in some districts the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main food of the people, while in others See also:

• SAGO

sago is the See also:

• STAPLE

staple See also:

• DIET

diet . Forest fruits and vegetables are also eaten . See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

Maize Food. and See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice—which are not indigenous—are eagerly sought after . The Papuan varies his vegetable diet with the flesh of the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, wallabi and other small animals, which are hunted with See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs . Birds are snared or limed . See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish abound at many parts of the coast, and are taken by lines, or speared at See also:

• NIGHT

night by See also:

• TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch-See also:

• LIGHT

light, or netted, or a See also:

• RIVER

river is dammed and the fish stupefied with the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of a milletia . Turtle and See also:

• DUGONG

dugong are caught . The kima, a great See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel weighing (without See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell) 20 to 30 lb, and other shell-fish, are eaten, as are also dogs, flying foxes, lizards, beetles and all kinds of See also:

• INSECTS

insects . Food is cooked in various ways . Cooking-pots, made at various parts of the coast, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one of the great exchanges for sago; but where such vessels do not reach, food is cooked by the women on the embers, done up in leaves, or in holes in the ground over heated stones . The sexes eat apart .

In the interior See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt is difficult to get, and sea-See also:

• WATER

water, which is carried inland in hollow bamboos, is used in cooking in place of it . Salt, too, is obtained from the ashes of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood saturated by sea-water . In the Fly River region, See also:

• KAVA (CAVA or AVA)

kava, prepared from See also:

• PIPER, CARL, COUNT (1647-1716)

Piper methysticum, is drunk without any of the ceremonial importance associated with it in Polynesia . As a rule the Papuans have no intoxicating drink and do not know the See also:

• ART

art of fermenting See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-See also:

• SAP

sap or See also:

• CANE

cane-juice . See also:

• TOBACCO

Tobacco is indigenous in some parts, and is smoked everywhere, except on the north-east coast and on the islands, where its use is quite unknown . In some few districts a See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay is eaten . The male Papuan is usually naked See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save for a See also:

• LOIN (through O. Fr. loigne or logne, mod. lunge, from Lat. Iambus)

loin-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth made of the bark of the Hibiscus, Broussonetia and other See also:

• PLANTS

plants, or a See also:

• GIRDLE (O. Eng. gyrdel, from gyrdan, to gird; cf. Ger. Gurtel, Dutch gordel, from giirten and gorden; "gird" and its doublet " girth " together with the other Teutonic cognates have been referred by some to the root ghar—to seize, enclose, seen in Gr. )(s

girdle of leaves . In the more civilized parts See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton garments Clothing are used . Papuans have usually a great dislike to and rain and carry a See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

mat of pandanus leaves as a protection Ornaments. against it . Except in one or two localities (on the north-east and west), the women are invariably decently clothed . The Papuan loves See also:

• PERSONAL

personal adornment and loses no See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of dressing himself up . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-made ornaments are necklaces, armlets and See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-rings of shells, See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth or fibre, and See also:

• CASSOWARY (Casuarius)

cassowary, See also:

• COCKATOO (Cacatuidae)

cockatoo, or See also:

• BIRD

bird of See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

paradise feathers—the last two, or a See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, are worn through the septum of the nose .

With his head encircled by a coronet of dogs teeth, and covered with a network cap or piece of bark-cloth, the septum of the nose transfixed by a See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

pencil of See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone or shell, and perhaps a shell or fibre armlet or two, the Papuan is in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete everyday attire . On festal occasions he decks his wellforked-out and dyed hair with feathers and See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers, and sticks others in his ear-See also:

• LOBE

lobe holes and under his armlets; while a See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior will have ovula shells and various bones of his victims dangling from ringlets of his hair, or fixed to his armbands or girdle . The Papuan See also:

• COMB (a word common in various forms to Teut. languages, cf. Ger. Kamm, the Indo-Europ. origin of which is seen in yoµros, a peg or pin, and Sanskrit, gambhas, a tooth)

comb is characteristic . This is a long piece of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo split at one end into prongs, while the other projects beyond the forehead sometimes two feet or more, and into it are See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck the See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright feathers of parrots and other birds . The fairer tribes at the east end See also:

• TATTOO

tattoo, no definite meaning apparently being attached to the See also:

• PATTERN

pattern, for they welcome suggestions from See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . For the women it is simply a decoration . Men are not tattooed till they have killed some one . Raised cicatrices usually take the place of See also:

• TATTOOING (Tahitian, tatu, from ta, mark)

tattooing with the darker races . Rosenberg says the scars on the See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and arms See also:

• REGISTER

register the number of sea-voyages made . The Papuans build excellent canoes and other boats, and in some districts there are professional See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-builders of great skill, the best See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft coming from East Cape and the Louisiades . These See also:

• GOAT (a common Teut. word; O. Eng. gat, Goth. gaits, Mod. Ger. Geiss, cognate with Lat. haedus, a kid)

goat-boats are either See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain dug-outs, with or without out- See also:

• BUILDING

building. riggers, or regularly built by planks tightly laced and well caulked to an' excavated See also:

• KEEL

keel . The most remarkable of their vessels is the " lakatoi," composed of several capacious dug-outs, each nearly 50 ft. long, which are strongly lashed together to a width of some 24 ft., decked and fitted with two masts, each carrying a huge mat See also:

• SAIL

sail picturesquely fashioned .

On the See also:

• DECK

deck high See also:

• CRATES

crates are built for the reception of some thousands of pieces of pottery for See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance annually to the Fly River See also:

• DISTRICT

district to See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange for sago . Papuans are very fond of music, using See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

Pan-pipes, a See also:

• JEW, THE WANDERING

Jew's See also:

• HARP (Fr. harpe; Ger. Harfe; Ital. arpa)

harp of the Papuans' own fabrication, and the See also:

• FLUTE

flute; on occasions Music. of ceremony the See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum only is used—this See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument being always open at one end and tapped by the fingers . To the See also:

• ACCOMPANIMENT (i.e. that which " accompanies ")

accompaniment of the drum, dancing—as a rhythmic but stationary See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of the feet or an evolutionary See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March—almost invariably goes, but rarely singing . All sorts of jingling sounds also are music to the ear, especially the clattering in time of strings of beans in their dry shells, and so these and other rattles are found attached to the drum, See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg-bands and many of the utensils, implements and weapons . Nearly all Papuan houses are built in Malay See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion on piles, and this not only on the coast but on the hillsides . In the north, the See also:

• MUSES, THE (Gr. Mo6o-at, the thinkers)

muses. east and south-west of the island immense communal houses (morong) are met with . Some of these are between 50o and 700 ft. in length, with a rounded, boat-shaped roof thatched with palm-branches, and looking inside, when undivided, like dark tunnels . In some districts the natives live together in one of these See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant structures, which are divided into compartments . Communal dwellings on a much smaller See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale occur at Meroka, east of the See also:

• ASTROLABE (from Gr. liar pop, star, and Aa(3eiv, to take)

Astrolabe mountains . As a rule elsewhere each See also:

• FAMILY

family has its independent dwelling . On the north coast the houses are not built on piles; the walls, of bamboo or palm branches, are very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, and the projecting roof nearly reaches the ground; a barrier at the entrance keeps out pigs and dogs . A sort of table or See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench stands outside, used by the men only, for meals and for the subsequent siesta .

In east New Guinea sometimes the houses are two-storeyed, the See also:

• LOWER

lower part being used for stores . The See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house is 6o to 7o ft. long with a passage down the centre, and stands on a platform or veranda raised on piles, with the See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge-See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole projecting consider-ably at the gables so that the roof may See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover it at each end . Under this shade the inmates spend much of their time; here their meals, which are cooked on the ground beneath the house, are served . The See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture consists of earthen See also:

• BOWLS

bowls, drinking-cups, wooden See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck-rests, spoons, &c., artistically carved, mats, plaited baskets and boxes . The pottery is moulded and fire-baked . In a few districts villages are built at a short distance off the See also:

• SHORE

shore, as a protection against raids by the inland tribes . The interior villages are frequently situated on See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill crests, or on See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of steep-faced rocks as difficult of See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access as possible, whence a clear view all round can be had . Where such natural defences are wanting the village is protected by high palisades and by fighting platforms on trees commanding its approaches . The dobbos," or tree- in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times widely cultivated in the See also:

• DELTA (from the shape of the Gr. letter A, delta, originally used of the mouth of the Nile)

Delta of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, where houses, built in high trees, are more or less See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to See also:

• BRITISH

British New it was used for various purposes, and especially as a See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing Guinea . On the north-east coast many of the villages are tastefully I material . The plant is now extinct in Lower Egypt, but is kept, their whole See also:

• AREA

area being clean swept, nicely sanded, and planted found in the Upper See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile regions and in See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia . Theo-with ornamental shrubs, and have in their centre little square See also:

• PALAVER (an adaptation of Port. palavra, a word or speech; Ital. parola; Fr. parole, from the Low Lat. parabola, a parable, story, talk; Gr. aapa$oXil, literally "comparison"; the Low Lat. parabolare, " to talk," gives Fr. parler, " to speak," whence " pa

palaver places laid with See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat stones, each with an erect See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar i phrastus (Hist. plant. iv .

10) states that it likewise See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew in as a back-See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest . Excellent suspension See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges span some of the See also:

• SYRIA

Syria; and, according to See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, it was also a native plant of the larger See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, made of interlaced rattan See also:

• ROPES, JOHN CODMAN (1836–1899)

ropes secured to trees on See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger and See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates . Its See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title aarrvpos, See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• PAPYRUS

papyrus, opposite See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, so very similar to those seen in See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra as to suggest appears to be of See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian origin . By See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus it is always called (OX es . The first accurate description of the plant is given by See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus, from whom we learn that it grew in shallows of 2 cubits (about 3 ft.) or less, its main root being of the thickness of a man's See also:

• WRIST

wrist and to cubits in length . From this root, which See also:

• LAY

lay horizontally, smaller roots pushed down into the mud, and the stern of the plant sprang up to the height of 4 cubits, being triangular and tapering in form . The tufted head or umbel is likened by Pliny to a See also:

• THYRSUS (the latinized form of Gr. Bupaos, a stem or stalk)

thyrsus . The various uses to which the papyrus plant was applied are also enumerated by Theophrastus . Of the head nothing could be made but garlands for the shrines of the gods; but the wood of the root was employed in the manufacture of different utensils as well as for See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel . Of the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem of the plant were made boats, sails, mats, cloth, cords, and, above all, writing materials . Its See also:

• PITH (O.E. pitca, cognate with Du. pit, kernel of a nut)

pith was also a common See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of food, and was eaten both cooked and in its natural See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Herodotus, too, notices its See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption as food (ii .

92), and incidentally mentions that it provided the material of which the priests' sandals were made (ii . 37) . He likewise refers to the use of byblus as See also:

• TOW

tow for caulking the seams of See also:

• SHIPS

ships; and the statement of Theophrastus that See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Antigonus made the See also:

• RIGGING (A.S. wrigan or wrihan, to clothe)

rigging of his fleet of the same material is illustrated by the See also:

• SHIP

ship's See also:

• CABLE (from Late Lat. capulum, a halter, fr