See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)  , the name of a supernatural locality reserved for See also:

• GOD

God and for chosen men, which occurs in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, both for the earthly " See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden " of See also:

• EDEN
• EDEN, SIR ASHLEY (1831-1887)

Eden (see EDEN), and for the heavenly " garden," where true Israelites after See also:

• DEATH

death see the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of God (4 Esdras viii . 52; See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 43; 2 See also:

• COR

Cor . Xii . 4; Rev. ii . 7) . The See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew parties (one), to which 7rapaaecvos corresponds, occurs thrice in the Old Testament in See also:

• LATE

late books, in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense of " See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park, See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove "; it is derived somewhat hazardously from the Zend pairidae"za, an enclosure (once only in the Avesta), though another word (See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera) is used in the See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the mythical enclosure of Yima (see See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

DELUGE) . But what interests us most is not the name, but the conception and its imaginative vehicle . The conception is the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original godlikeness of human nature, and the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of expecting a closer See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union between God and See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in the future than is possible at See also:

• PRESENT

present . The imaginative See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form which this conception takes is that before the present See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition arose man dwelt near to God in God's own See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, and that when the See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief wrought by " the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent " has been undone, man—or more strictly the true See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel—shall once more be admitted to his old See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege . According to the fullest Old Testament account (Ezek. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii . 12–19; see See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

ADAM), the See also:

• HOLY

holy mountain was in a definite earthly region, and certainly it was appropriate for worshippers of Yahweh that it should be so (1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xx .

23, 28) . But there are traces in that account itself as well as in Gen. ii. that an earlier belief placed the divine home in See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven . Similarly the Zoroastrians speak of their See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise-mountain Alburz both as heavenly and as earthly (Bundahish, xx. r, with See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West's See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note) . It appears that originally the Hebrew Paradise-mountain was placed in heaven, but that afterwards it was transferred to See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . It was of stupendous See also:

• SIZE

size; indeed, properly it was the earth itself.' Later on each Semitic See also:

• PEOPLE

people may have chosen its own mountain, recognizing, however, perhaps, that in primeval times it was of vaster dimensions than at present, just as the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews believed that in the next See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the " mountain of Yahweh's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house " would become far larger (Isa. ii . 2= Mic. iv . 1; Ezek. xl . 2; Zech. xiv. ro; Rev. xxi. so); compare the idealization of the earthly Alburz of the Iranians " in See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation " (Bund. v . 3, viii . 2, xii . 1–8) . We now return to the accounts in Ezek. xxviii. and Gen. ii .

The references in the former to the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones and to the " stones of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire " may be grouped with the references in See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch (xviii . 6–8, See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) to seven supernatural mountains each composed of a different beautiful See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, and with the See also:

• THRONE

throne of God on the seventh . These mountains are to be connected with the seven See also:

• PLANETS, MINOR

planets, each of which was symbolized by a different See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, or at least See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour.' See also:

• EZEKIEL (SKpm', " God strengthens" or " God is strong "; Sept. 'IE'EKL?)X; Vulg. Ezechiel)

Ezekiel's mountain therefore has come to earth from heaven . And a similar result follows if we See also:

• GROUP

group the four See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of Paradise in Gen. ii. with the phrase so often applied to See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan, " flowing with See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk and See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey " (Exod. iii . 8; Num. xiii . 27, &c.) . For this descriptive phrase is evidently mythical,' and refers to the belief in the four rivers of the heavenly Paradise which " poured honey and milk, oil and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine " (See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic Enoch, viii . 5; cf . See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision of See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul, xxiii.) . In fact, the four rivers originally flowed in heavenly See also:

• SOIL

soil, and only when the mountain of Elohim was transferred to this See also:

• LOWER

lower earth could mythological geographers think of determining their earthly course, and whether Havilah, or See also:

• CUSH

Cush, or Canaan, or Babylonia, was irrigated by one or another of them . But what happened to Paradise when the affrighted human pair See also:

• LEFT

left it ? One view (see Eth .

Enoch, xxxii . 2, 3, lx . 8, lxxvii . 3, 4, &c.) was that its site was in some nameless, inaccessible region, still guarded by " the serpents and the See also:

• CHERUBIM

cherubim " (Eth . Enoch, xx . 7), and that in the next age its See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates would be opened, and the threatening See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword (Gen. iii . 24) put away by the Messianic See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest-See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king (Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, See also:

• LEVI, HERMANN (1839-1900)
• LEVI, LEONE (1821-1888)

Levi, 18) . This agrees with the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in Gen. ii., iii., except that the original narrator knew the site of the garden . It is a sufficiently reasonable view, for if Paradise See also:

• LAY

lay in some definite earthly region, and if no one knows " the paths of Paradise " (4 Esdras iv . 7), it would seem that it must have ceased to exist visibly . This See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea appears to be implied by those Jewish writers, who, especially after the fall of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem (A.D . 70), 'dwelt so much on the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the heavenly Paradise, reviving, partly under emotional pressure and partly as the result of a fresh influx of See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, the old myth of a See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial garden of God .

To See also:

• NOTICE

notice only a few leading passages . In Apoc . See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar. iv . 3 it appears to be stated that when Adam transgressed, the vision of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of God and the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of Paradise were removed from him, and similarly the stress laid in 4 Esdras iv . 7, vi . 2, vii . (36), 53, viii . 52, on the heavenly Paradise seems to show that no earthly one was supposed to exist.4 Beautiful, indeed, is the use made of that form of belief in these passages, with which we may group Rev. xxi . 1, xxii . 5, where, as in 4 Esdras viii . 52, Paradise and the city of God are combined . Some See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange disclosures on this subject are made by the Slavonic Enoch (c. viii.; cf. xlii .

3), according to which there are two Paradises . The former is in the third heaven, which explains the well-known saying of St Paul in 2 Cor. xii . 2, 4; o' It was the Babylonian " mountain of the lands," which meant not only See also:

• MOTHER

mother earth, but the earth imagined to exist within the heaven; cf . Jeremias, Atao, pp . II, 12, 28, and Jastrow, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion f Bab. and See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

Ass., p . 558 . 2 See Zimmern, K.A.T . (3), pp . 616 sqq . 3 See also r Esdras ii . 19 . This explains See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel iv .

18; See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

lea. lv. r (wine and milk) . See also Yasna, 'See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die . 5 (Zendavesta) ; and cf . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Ency . Bib., See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 2104, and especially Usener, Rheinisches Museum, 'vii . 177-192 . 4 The statement in Gen. iii . 24 comes from a form of the story in which the " garden " was not geographically localized.the latter is conventionally called the Paradise of Eden . In fact, the belief in an earthly Paradise never wholly died . See also:

• MEDIEVAL

Medieval writers loved it . The mountain of See also:

• PURGATORY (Late Lat. purgatorium, from purgare, to purge)

Purgatory in See also:

• DANTE

Dante's poem is " crowned by the delicious shades of the terrestrial Paradise." See further The See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse of See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch and The Ethiopic and the Slavonic Enoch, both edited by R .

H . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles; also Kautzsch's Apocrypha, and See also:

• VOLE

Vole, Judische Eschatologie (1903), pp . 374–8, whose full references are most useful . On the Biblical references, cf . Gunkel, See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis (2), pp . 21–35; Cheyne, Ency . Bib., " Paradise "; and on Babylonian views, Jeremias, " Holle and Paradies " (in Der alte Orient) . The See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan's Paradise is a sensuous trans-formation of the Jewish; see especially See also:

• KORAN

Koran, Sura Iv., and note the phrase " gardens of Firdaus," Koran, xviii . Io7 . For the Koran and the Zoroastrian books see the Sacred Books of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series) . The doorkeeper of the mountain-Paradise of the See also:

• PARSEES, or PARSIS

Parsees is the Amshaspand Vohu-mano (Vendidad, xix . 31) .

(T . K .