See also:

• TREATIES

TREATIES OF See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• TREATIES OF PARIS (1814-1815)

PARIS (1814-1815)  . Among the very many See also:

• TREATIES

treaties and conventions signed at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris those which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " treaties of Paris " See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence are the two sets of treaties, both of the highest importance in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international politics of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and the formation of its public See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, signed in Paris on the 30th of May 1814 and the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1815 . The first embodied the abortive See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt made by the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies and See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to re-establish lasting See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace in Europe after the first See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon at See also:

• FONTAINEBLEAU

Fontainebleau on the 11th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1814 . The second contained the penal and cautionary See also:

• MEASURES

measures which the Allies found it necessary to impose when the practically unopposed return of Napoleon from See also:

• ELBA (Gr. AiWaXla; Lat. Ilva)

Elba, and his resumption of See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, had proved the weakness of the See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy . (See EUROPE: History.) The treaty of the 30th of May 1814 and the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret treaty which accompanied it, were signed by Talleyrand for France; by Lords Castlereagh, See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen and See also:

• CATHCART
• CATHCART, SIR GEORGE (1794-1854)
• CATHCART, WILLIAM SCHAW CATHCART

Cathcart for See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; by See also:

• COUNTS

Counts Rasumovski and See also:

• NESSELRODE, KARL ROBERT, COUNT (178o-I862)

Nesselrode for See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; by See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Metternich and See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count See also:

• STADION, JOHANN PHILIPP KARL JOSEPH (1763—1824)

Stadion for See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; and by See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HARDENBERG, KARL AUGUST VON, PRINCE (1750-1822)

Hardenberg and W. von See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt for See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia . See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal adhered later, and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain adhered on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July to the public treaty, to which there were in all eight signatories . It is this public treaty which is known as the first treaty of Paris . It was signed in eight See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments identical in substance . The Allies, who appear as acting in the most friendly co-operation with Louis XVIII., declare that their aim is to establish a lasting peace based on a just See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of forces among the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, and that as France has returned to " the paternal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of her See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings " they no longer think it necessary to exact those guarantees which they had been regretfully compelled to insist on from her See also:

• LATE

late government . The See also:

• PREAMBLE (Med. Lat. praeambulum, from praeambulare, to walk before)

preamble is more than a flourish of See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic humanity; for the treaty is extraordinarily favour-able to France . Putting aside as much of the treaty as is See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute details for which the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text must be consulted, it secured her in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of all the territory she held in Europe on the 1st of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1792 (See also:

• ART

Art . II.); it restored her colonies, except See also:

• TOBAGO

Tobago, See also:

• SANTA

Santa See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia, Ile de France (See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius), See also:

• RODRIGUEZ (officially RODRIGUES)

Rodriguez, and the See also:

• SEYCHELLES

Seychelles, surrendered to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• SAN

San Domingo formerly See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, which was to return to Spain (Art .

VIII.) . Sweden resigned her claim on Guadaloupe (Art . IX.); Portugal resigned See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GUIANA (Guyana, Guayana')

Guiana (Art . X.) . The rectifications of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European frontier of France are detailed in the eight subsections of Art . III . They were valuable . France obtained (1) a piece of territory See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons; (2 and 3) a larger piece around See also:

• PHILIPPEVILLE

Philippeville, on the Sambre and See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse; (4) a rectification including Sarrelouis; (5) a piece of See also:

• LAND

land to connect the formerly isolated fortress of See also:

• LANDAU

Landau with her own dominions; (6) a better frontier on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east at Doubes; (7) a better frontier as against See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva; (8) the subprefectures of See also:

• ANNECY

Annecy and See also:

• CHAMBERY

Chambery (See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy) . By the same See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article she secured all the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German enclaves in See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon, the Venaissin and See also:

• MONTBELIARD

Montbeliard . Art . VI. secured See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau, with an addition of territory, not defined in this See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument; asserted the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, and right to federate of the German states, and the full See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty of all the states of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy outside of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian dominions of Austria . Art .

VII. gave See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta to Great Britain . By Art . XV . France was to retain two-thirds of all warships and See also:

• NAVAL

naval stores existing in ports which had belonged to the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire of Napoleon, but were outside the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of France, with exception of the Dutch See also:

• SHIPS

ships . Arts . XVIII. to XXXI. dealt with pecuniary claims, return of documents, renunciation of all claims for See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation, &c . By Art . XXXII. the powers bind themselves to meet at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna within two months to arrange a final See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Europe . Additional articles provided for the settlement of pecuniary claims in the late See also:

• GRAND

grand-duchy of See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, for the See also:

• ABROGATION (Lat. abrogare, to repeal or annul a law; rogare, literally " to ask," to propose a law)

abrogation of treaties signed with Prussia since the Peace of See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel . By her additional article with Great Britain, France undertook to suppress the slave See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade within five years, and to help to bring about its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general suppression . The See also:

• SEPARATE

separate and secret articles of the treaty (or Secret Treaty " as they are commonly called), were meant to bind France to agree in principle to the readjustments and allotments of territory and See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population to be made at the approaching See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of Vienna (q.v.) . The treaties of the 20th of November 1815 and their dependent instruments, were signed in very different circumstances .

The representative of France was the duc de See also:

• RICHELIEU, ARMAND EMMANUEL SOPHIE SEPTEMANIE DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, ARMAND JEAN DU PLESSIS
• RICHELIEU, LOUIS FRANCOIS ARMAND DU PLESSIS

Richelieu; Great Britain was represented by Castlereagh and See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington; Austria by Metternich and Count Wessenberg; Prussia by Hardenberg and W. von Humboldt; Russia by Rasumovski and See also:

• CAPO

Capo d'See also:

• ISTRIA (Ger. Istrien)

Istria . The preamble stated the altered spirit and purpose of the Allies . It insisted that, as the powers had saved France and Europe from Napoleon's last See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

adventure, they were entitled to compensation and See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security for the future . They had decided to exact indemnities, partly pecuniary and partly territorial, such as could be exacted without injuring the essential See also:

• INTEREST

interest of France . The territorial See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty imposed was moderate . France retained the enclaves she had secured by the previous treaty . She had to resign her gains on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and eastern frontier, to surrender Philippeville, Marienbourg, See also:

• BOUILLON

Bouillon, Sarrelouis and Landau, to cede certain territories to Geneva, and she lost Annecy and Chambery . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard taken was the frontier of 1790 (Art . I.) . By Art . III. she agreed to dismantle the fortress of See also:

• HUNINGEN

Huningen near Basel . The most grievous articlesof the treaty are those which imposed the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of an See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity, and the occupation of a part of French territory as security for payment .

Art . IV. fixed the indemnity at 700,000,000 frs . Art . V. fixed the strength of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of occupation at 150,000 under a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief to be named by the powers, and specified the fortresses it was to hold in the north and north-east of France . The See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of occupation was limited to five years, but might be reduced to three . All See also:

• PRO

pro-visions of the treaty of the 3oth of May 1814, and of the Final See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of the Congress of Vienna not expressly revoked were to remain in force . By an additional article the powers agreed to join Great Britain in suppressing the slave trade . Certain complimentary instruments were attached to the treaty . (I) A separate article with Russia in regard to pecuniary claims in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland . (2) A See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention as to payment of indemnity under Art . IV . (3) Convention as to the occupation and the rationing of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign troops .

(4) A convention as to settlement of claims of See also:

• BRITISH

British bondholders . The retrocession of the colonies was made dependent on the partial settlement of these claims . (5) A convention to arrange for settlement of claims under Art . XIX., &c., of the treaty of the 3oth of May 1814 . On the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the See also:

• SIGNING

signing of the second treaty of Paris, a treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, commonly spoken of as the treaty of the loth of November 1815, was signed in Paris by Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia . It contained six articles . The first declared the determination of the Allies to enforce the treaty signed with France; the second, third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth reaffirmed their determination to exclude the See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte See also:

• FAMILY

family from the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and specified the measures they were prepared to take to support one another . The fifth declared that the alliance for the purposes stated would continue when the five years' occupation of France was ended . The See also:

• SIXTH

sixth article stated that in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to facilitate and assure the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of the See also:

• PRESENT

present treaty, the High Contracting Parties had decided to hold periodical meetings of the sovereigns or their ministers, for the examination of such measures as appeared to be salutary for the repose and prosperity of their peoples and the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the peace of Europe . It was in accordance with this last article that the congresses of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (1818), See also:

• TROPPAU (Polish, Oppava; Czech, Opava)
• TROPPAU, CONGRESS OF

Troppau (1820), See also:

• LAIBACH (Slovenian, Ljubljana)

Laibach (1821), and See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona (1822) were held (see EUROPE: History) .