See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

PARROT (according to See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat, from Fr. See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)  , the name given 1 `"Parakeet " (in See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, 1 See also:

• HEN

Hen . IV. ii . 3, 88, " Paraquito ") is said by the same authority to be from the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Periquito or Perroqueto, a small See also:

• PARROT (according to Skeat, from Fr. Perrot or Pies-rot, the diminutive of the proper name Pierrel)

Parrot, diminutive of Perko, a Parrot, which again may be a diminutive from Pedro, the proper name . Parakeet (spelt in various ways in See also:

• ENGLISH

English) is usually applied to the smaller kinds of Parrots, especially those which have See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long tails, not as Perroquet in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, which is used as a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TERM

term for all Parrots, Perruche, or sometimes Perriche, being the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary name for what we See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call Parakeet . The old English " See also:

• POPINJAY (O. Fr. papegai, or popingay, onomatopoeic, original)

Popinjay " and the old French Papegaut have almost passed out of use, but the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Papagei andgenerally to a large and very natural See also:

• GROUP

group of birds, which for more than a See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of centuries have attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, not only from their See also:

• GAUDY

gaudy plumage, but, at first and chiefly, it would seem, from the readiness with which many of them learn to imitate the sounds they hear, repeating the words and even phrases of human speech with a fidelity that is often astonishing . It is said that no See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation of any parrot appears in See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• ART

art, nor does any reference to a See also:

• BIRD

bird of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind occur in the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, whence it has been concluded that neither painters nor writers had any knowledge of it . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle is commonly supposed to be the first author who mentions a parrot; but this is an See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error, for nearly a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century earlier See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias in his Indica (cap . 3),2 under the name of 13irraeos (Bittacus), so neatly described a bird which could speak an " See also:

• INDIAN

Indian " See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language—naturally, as he seems to have thought—or See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek—if it had been taught so to do—about as big as a See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow-See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk (See also:

• HIERAX, or HIERACAS

Hierax), with a See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and a See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BEARD (A.S. beard, O. H. and Mod. Ger. Bart, Dan. beard, Icel. bar, rim, edge, beak of a ship, &c., O. Slay. barda, Russ. barodd. Cf. Welsh barf, Lat.. barba, though, according to the New English Dictionary, the connexion is for phonetic reasons doubtful)
• BEARD, WILLIAM HOLBROOK (1825-1900)

beard, otherwise See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green (cyaneus) and See also:

• VERMILION

vermilion in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, so that there cannot be much See also:

• RISK

risk in declaring that he must have had before him a male example of what is now commonly known as the Blossom-headed parakeet, and to ornithologists as Palaeornis cyanocephalus, an inhabitant of many parts of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . After Ctesias comes Aristotle's t/arraical (Psittace), which Sundevail supposes him to have described only from hearsay . There can be no doubt that the Indian conquests of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander were the means of making the parrot better known in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and it is in reference to this fact that another Eastern See also:

• SPECIES

species of Palaeornis now bears the name of P. alexandri, though from the localities it inhabits it could hardly have had anything to do with the Macedonian See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero . That See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa had parrots does not seem to have been discovered by the ancients till long after, as See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny tels us (vi . 29) that they were first met with beyond the limits of Upper See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt by explorers employed by See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero .

These birds, highly prized from the first, reprobated by the moralist, and celebrated by more than one classical poet, in the course of See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time were brought in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and ministered in various ways to the luxury of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Not only were they lodged in cages of See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell and See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, with See also:

• SILVER

silver wires, but they were professedly esteemed as delicacies for the table, and one See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor is said to have fed his lions upon them ! With the decline of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire the demand for parrots in Europe lessened, and so the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply dwindled, yet all knowledge of them was not wholly lost, and they are occasionally mentioned by one writer or another until in the 15th century began that career of See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery which has since proceeded uninterruptedly . This immediately brought with it the knowledge of many more forms of these birds than had ever before been seen . Yet so numerous is the group that even now new species of parrots are not uncommonly recognized . The See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of parrot-forms is unquestionably within the tropics, but the popular belief that parrots are tropical birds only is a great See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake . In See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America the Carolina parakeet, Conurus carolinensis, at the beginning of the 19th century used to range in summer as high as the shores of lakes See also:

• ERIE

Erie and See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario—a See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude equal to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; and even much later it reached, according to See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthy See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information, the junction of the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio and the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, though now its limits have been so much curtailed that its occurrence in any but the Gulf States is doubtful . In South America, at least four species are found in See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile or the La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata region, and one, Conurus patagonus, is See also:

• PRETTY

pretty See also:

• COMMON

common on the See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the Strait of See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan . In Africa it is true that no species is known to extend to within some ten degrees of the tropic of See also:

• CANCER (" THE CRAB ")
• CANCER, LUIS (d. 1549)
• CANCER, or CARCINOMA (from Lat. cancer, Gr. KapKivwga, an eating ulcer)

Cancer; but Pionias robustus inhabits territories See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Papagaio still continue in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue . These names can be traced to the Arabic Babagha; but the source of that word is unknown . The Anglo-Saxon name of the Parret, a See also:

• RIVER

river in See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset, is Pedreda or Pedrida, which at first sight looks as if it had to do with the proper name, Petrus; but See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat believes there is no connexion between them—the latter portion of the word being rit , a stream . 2 The passage seems to have escaped the See also:

• NOTICE

notice of all naturalists except W .

J . See also:

• BRODERIP, WILLIAM JOHN (1789–1859)

Broderip, who mentioned it in his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Psittacidae," in the See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

Penny Cyclopaedia (xix . 83) . lying quite as far to the southward of the tropic of Capricorn . In India the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern range of the group is only bounded by the slopes of the See also:

• HIMALAYA

Himalaya, and farther to the eastward parrots are not only abundant over the whole of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, as well as See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania, but two very well-defined families are See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and its adjacent islands (see See also:

• KAKAPO

KAKAPO and See also:

• NESTOR
• NESTOR (c. 1056-c. 1114)

NESTOR) . No parrot has recently inhabited the Palaearctic Region,' and but one (the Conurus carolinensis, just mentioned) probably belongs to the Nearctic; nor are parrots represented by many different forms in either the Ethiopian or the Indian Regions . In See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental See also:

• ASIA

Asia the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of parrots is rather remarkable . None extend farther to the westward than the valley of the See also:

• INDUS

Indus,2 which, considering the nature of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan and See also:

• AFGHANISTAN

Afghanistan, is perhaps intelligible enough; but it is not so easy to understand why none are found either in See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin See also:

• CHINA

China or China proper; and they are also wanting in the Philippine Islands, which is the more remarkable and instructive when we find how abundant they are in the See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups a little farther to the southward . Indeed, A . R . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace has well remarked that the portion of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface which contains the largest number of parrots, in proportion to its See also:

• AREA

area, is undoubtedly that covered by the islands extending from See also:

• CELEBES

Celebes to the See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon group . " The area of these islands is probably not one-fifteenth of that of the four tropical regions, yet they contain from one-fifth to one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of all the known parrots " (Geogr .

Distr . Animals, ii . 330) . He goes on to observe also that in this area are found many of the most remarkable forms—all the red Lories, the great cockatoos, the pigmy Nasiternae and other singularities . In South America the species of parrots, though numerically nearly as abundant, are far less diversified in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and all of them seem capable of being referred to two, or, at most, three sections . The species that has the widest range, and that by far, is the common See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

Ring-necked Parakeet, Palaeornis torquatus, a well-known cage-bird which is found from the mouth of the See also:

• GAMBIA

Gambia across Africa to the coast of the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, as well as throughout the whole of India, See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon and Burmah to See also:

• TENASSERIM

Tenasserim.3 On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, there are plenty of cases of parrots which are restricted to an extremely small area—often an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of insignificant See also:

• SIZE

size, as Conurus xantholaemus, confined to the island of St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas in the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles, and Palaeornis exsul to that of See also:

• RODRIGUEZ (officially RODRIGUES)

Rodriguez in the Indian Ocean—to say nothing of the remarkable instance of Nestor productus (see NESTOR) . The systematic treatment of this very natural group of birds has long been a subject of much difficulty . A few systematists, among whom C . L . See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte was See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, placed them at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the class, conceiving that they were the analogues of the See also:

• PRIMATES
• PRIMATES (Lat. primas, first)

Primates among mammals . T . H .

See also:

• HUXLEY, THOMAS HENRY (1825–1895)

Huxley recognized the Psittacomorphae as forming one of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal groups of Carinate birds, and they are now generally regarded as forming a suborder Psittaci of the Cuculiform birds (see BIRD) . Owing to the erroneous number of forms and the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close similarities of structure, the subdivision of the group has presented great difficulties . See also:

• BUFFON, GEORGE LOUIS LECLERC, COMTE DE (1707-1788)

Buffon was unaware of the existence of some of the most remarkable forms of the group, in particular of ' A few remains of a Parrot have been recognized from the See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene of the See also:

• ALLIER
• ALLIER (anc. Slaver)

Allier in France, by A . Milne-See also:

• EDWARDS, AMELIA ANN BLANDFORD (1831-1892)
• EDWARDS, BELA BATES (18o2-1852)
• EDWARDS, BRYAN (1743–1800)
• EDWARDS, GEORGE (1693–1773)
• EDWARDS, HENRY THOMAS (1837–1884)
• EDWARDS, JONATHAN (1703—1758)
• EDWARDS, LEWIS (1806–1887 )
• EDWARDS, RICHARD (c. 1523–1566)
• EDWARDS, T
• EDWARDS, THOMAS CHARLES (1837–1900)

Edwards (Ois . See also:

• FOSS, EDWARD (1787-1870)

Foss . France, vol. ii. p . 525, pl. cc.), and are said by him to show the greatest resemblance to the common See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey Parrot of Africa, Psittacus erithacus, through having also some See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity to the Ring-necked Parakeet of the same country, Palaeornis torquatus . He refers them, however, to the same genus as the former, under the name of Psittacus verreauxi . 2 The statements that have been made, and even repeated by writers of authority, as to the occurrence of " a green parrot " in See also:

• SYRIA

Syria (See also:

• CHESNEY, CHARLES CORNWALLIS (1826-1876)
• CHESNEY, FRANCIS RAWDON (1789-1872)
• CHESNEY, SIR GEORGE TOMKYNS (1830-1895)

Chesney, Exped . Survey See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates and See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris, ii . 443, 537) and of a parrot in See also:

• TURKESTAN
• TURKESTAN, or HAZRET

Turkestan (Jour . As .

See also:

• SOC

Soc . See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal, viii . 1007) originated with genslemen who had no ornithological knowledge, and are evidently erroneous . It is right to See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, however, that the See also:

• AFRICAN

African examples of this bird are said to be distinguishable from the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic by their somewhat shorter wings and weaker See also:

• BILL

bill, and hence they are considered by some authorities to form a distinct species or subspecies, P. docilis; but in thus regarding them the difference of locality seems to have influenced See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, and without that difference they would scarcely have been separated, for in many other groups of birds distinctions so slight are regarded as barely See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of See also:

• LOCAL

local races . Strigops and Nestor; but he began by making two great divisions of those that he did know, separating the parrots of the Old See also:

• WORLD

World from the parrots of the New, and subdividing each of these divisions into various sections somewhat in accordance with the names they had received in popular language—a practice he followed on many other occasions, for it seems to have been with him a belief that there is more truth in the discrimination of the unlearned than the scientific are See also:

• APT

apt to allow . In 1867-1868 Dr O . Finsch published at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden an elaborate monograph of the parrots,' regarding them as a See also:

• FAMILY

family, in which he admitted 26 genera, forming 5 subfamilies: (I) that ccmposed of Strigops (KAKAPO), only; (2) that containing the crested forms or cockatoos; (3) one which he named Sittacinae, comprising all the long-tailed species—a somewhat heterogeneous assemblage, made up of MACAWS (q.v.) and what are commonly known as parakeets; (4) the parrots proper with See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tails; and (5) the so-called " See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush-tongued " parrots, consisting of the LORIES (q.v.) and NESTORS (q.v.) . In 1874 A . H . Garrod communicated to the Zoological Society the results of his See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection of examples of 82 species of parrots, which had lived in its gardens, and these results were published in its Proceedings for that See also:

• YEAR

year (pp . 586-598, pls . 70, 71) .

Summarily expressed, Garrod's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the parrots into two families, Palaeornithidae and Psittacidae, assigning to the former three subfamilies, Palaeornitkinae, Cacatuinae and Stringopinae, and to the latter four, Arinae, Pyrrhurinae, Platycercinae and Chrysotinae . That each of these sections, except the Cacatuinae, is artificial any regard to See also:

• OSTEOLOGY (Gr. ovTeov, bone)

osteology would show . In the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Ornithologie for 1881 A . Reichenow published a Conspectus Psittacorum, founded, as several others 5 have been, on See also:

• EXTERNAL

external characters only . He makes 9 families of the group, and recognizes 45 genera, and 442 species, besides subspecies . His grouping is generally very different from Garrod's, but displays as much artificiality: for instance, Nestor is referred to the family which is otherwise' composed of the cockatoos . The See also:

• SYSTEM

system now generally accepted is based on a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of external and anatomical characters, and is due to See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count T . Salvadori (See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

Cat . Birds, Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus . XX., 1891), and H . F .

Gadow (See also:

• BRONN, HEINRICH GEORG (1800-1862)

Bronn's Thier-Reich, Aves, 1893) . About 8o genera with more than 500 species are recognized, divided into the family Psittacidae with the subfamilies Stringopinae, Psittacinae and Cacatuinae, and the family Trichoglossidae with the sub-families Cyclopsittacinae, Loriinae and Nestorinae . The headquarters of parrots are in the Australian Region and the Malay countries; they are abundant in South America; in Africa and India the number of forms is relatively small; in Europe and North Asia there are none now alive, in North America only one . Parrots are gregarious and usually feed and roost in companies, but are at least temporarily monogamous . Most climb and walk well; the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight is powerful but See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and undulating in most . The See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food is varied but chiefly See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable, whilst parrots are alone amongst birds in holding the food in the claws . The usual cry is harsh and discordant, but many softer notes are employed . A large number of forms learn in captivity to talk and See also:

• WHISTLE

whistle, the well-known red-tailed grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus) of tropical Africa being pre-eminent . The eggs are laid usually in holes in trees, rocks, or the ground, no lining being formed . The larger species produce one to three, the smaller as many as twelve, the colour being dull See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young when hatched are naked and helpless . (A .

N.) PARROT-FISHES, more correctly called PARROT-WRASSES, marine fishes of the family Scaridae closely allied to the wrasses or Labridae . The family contains eight genera of which the principal are Scares, Pseudoscarus, Odan and Sparisama . They are easily recognized by their large scales, of which there are from twenty-one to twenty-five in the lateral See also:

• LINE

line, by having invariably nine spines and ten rays in the dorsal fin and two spines with eight rays in the anal, and especially by their singular * See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Papageien, monographisch bearbeitet . 5 Such, for instance, as Kuhl's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise with the same See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, which appeared in 182o, and Wagler's .Monographia Psittacorum, published in 1832—both See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good of their kind and time . dentition, of jaws as well as pharynx . The See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth of the jaws are soldered together, and form a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-edged See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak similar to that of a parrot, but without a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle projecting point, and the upper and See also:

• LOWER

lower beak are divided into two lateral halves by a median suture . In a few species the single teeth can be still distinguished, but in the majority (Pseudoscarus) they are See also:

• UNITED

united into a homogeneous substance with polished surface . By this sharp and hard beak parrot-fishes are enabled to bite or scrape off those parts of See also:

• CORAL

coral-See also:

• STOCKS

stocks which contain the polypes or to cut off branches of tough fucus, which in some of the species forms the principal portion of their See also:

• DIET

diet . The See also:

• PROCESS

process of triturating the food is performed by the pharyngeal teeth, which likewise are united, and form plates with broad masticatory surfaces, not unlike the grinding surface of the molars of the See also:

• ELEPHANT

elephant . Of these plates there is one pair above, opposed to and fitting into the single one which is coalesced to the lower pharyngeal See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone . The contents of the alimentary See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, which are always found to be finely divided and reduced to a pulp, prove the efficiency of this triturating apparatus; in fact, ever since the time of Aristotle it has been maintained that the Scarus ruminates . Nearly one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred species of parrot-fishes are known from the tropical and sub-tropical parts of the Indo-Pacific and See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Oceans; like other coral-feeding fishes, they are absent on the Pacific coasts of tropical America and on the coast of tropical See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Africa .

The most celebrated is the Scarus of the Mediterianean . Beautiful See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours prevail in this group of wrasses, but are subject to great changes and See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in the same species; almost all are evanescent and cannot be pre-served after See also:

• DEATH

death . The majority of parrot-fishes are eatable, some even esteemed; but they (especially the carnivorous kinds) not unfrequently acquire poisonous properties after they have fed on See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

corals or medusae containing an acrid See also:

• POISON

poison . Many attain to a considerable size, upwards of 3 ft. in length .