PARTHIAN  See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE The architecture of the Parthian See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, who from 250 B.C. to A.D . 226 occupied the greater See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• MESOPOTAMIA (Mevoaora)

Mesopotamia, their See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in 16o B.C. extending over 480,000 sq. m., was quite unknown until See also:

• SIR

Sir A . H . See also:

• LAYARD, SIR AUSTEN HENRY (1817-1894)

Layard, following in the steps of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross and See also:

• AINSWORTH, HENRY (1571–1622)
• AINSWORTH, ROBERT (166o-1743)
• AINSWORTH, WILLIAM HARRISON (1805-1882)

Ainsworth, visited and measured the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Hatra (el Hadr) about 30 M. See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• MOSUL

Mosul; the architecture of this palace shows that, on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the Parthians carried on the traditions of the See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel vault of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian palace, and on the other, from their contact with Hellenistic methods of See also:

• BUILDING

building, had acquired considerable knowledge in the working of See also:

• ASHLAR

ashlar See also:

• MASONRY

masonry . El Hadr is first mentioned in See also:

• HISTORY

history as having been unsuccessfully besieged by See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan in A.D . 116, and it is recorded to have been a walled See also:

• TOWN

town containing a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun, celebrated for the value of its offerings . The temple referred to is probably the large square building at the back of the palace, as above the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door-way is a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze carved with griffins, similar to those found at Warka by See also:

• LOFTUS, ADAM (c. 1533-1605)

Loftus, together with large quantities of Parthian coins . The remains (fig . 18) consist of a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of 38o ft. frontage, facing See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and 128 ft. deep, subdivided by walls of See also:

• GREAT

great thickness, See also:

• RUNNING

running at right angles to the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main front, and built in an immense See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, divided down the centre by a FIG . 18.–Plan of Palace of See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, separating that portion on el Hadr . the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, where the temple A, See also:

• THRONE

Throne or reception See also:

• ROOM

room . was situated, from that on the B, Large See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, or See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north side, which constituted C, Entrance hall of temple .

the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's palace . The seven D, Temple . subdivisions of the different widths were all covered with semi-circular barrel vaults which, being built side by side, mutually resisted the thrust, the See also:

• OUTER

outer walls being of greater thickness, with the same See also:

• OBJECT

object . In the centre of the south block was an immense hall 44 ft. wide and 98 ft. deep, which formed the See also:

• VESTIBULE (from Lat. vestibulum)

vestibule to the temple in the See also:

• REAR

rear; this vestibule was flanked by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of three smaller halls on either side, over which there was probably a second See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor . On the palace or north side were l-~`A Iillllll il ~ t,~ ~6 ! P;IIflIIiIP I I!llI lIilI!See also:

• ILI

IlI ~IIIIIiII III r two great aiwans or reception halls . The main front (fig . 19) was built in finely jointed ashlar masonry with semicircular attached shafts between the entrance doorways, which had semicircular heads, every third See also:

• VOUSSOIR (Ger. Wolbestein)

voussoir of the three larger doors being decorated by busts in strong See also:

• RELIEF

relief with a headgear similar to that shown on Parthian coins; other carvings, with the See also:

• ACANTHUS (the Greek and Latin name for the plant, connected with &sib a sharp point)

acanthus See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, belonged to that type of Syrio-See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• WORK

work, of which Loftus found so many wtlt^01^^^ IN^=^=^^^^Mml'1^^^^^^ou II= St IN •11111W • MN MINN 111111= •11111•11MIlle A a= as li I 11^.^.0 See also:

• IIII

IIII O%-••C111p~~.~See also:

• MIN

min mImmmmom 1., ~ ..•• 111111111111Y1.^^MIMP Oa' ,^^vIIBN . ^ ^^~i^i 111 11^1'OI1 Wlli^!^1^I is^,,See also:

• ICI

ICI^•^^^YI1U 1311 trmjl .11X11 .. !See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils ,.lM 11l 71.I11I11..~11111'.I= ? ==11.111 !~^~~^~ItlI 11 Wn II ~Y~IHI~" ~ ~II~II II~ ~' 11~ A..Illt~ .See also:

• ILL

Ill l .. III l~!Iz` 1111 mum !~.1 tll .

11.1.1' IIIII ..Lil.Is tlIII_ 1 um same ii.!R HIM IIUUR .11.E -I . •1.11 AA ^! lI 1/11.1lI1.11 'MIN IIIII . I.1!I 9uuI., U ul..a1 am lmpp.R!IUIIn ^I.0 . I/M I . Iy Yr ili'.e lul I~~lii See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

Scale of Peer Io 5 o ro ao 31, 4 ? 50 examples at Warka (Loftus, See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea, Susiana, p . 225) . In the great See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of Diarbekr are two wings at the north and south ends respectively, which are said to have been Parthian palaces built by See also:

• TIGRANES, or DIKRAN

Tigranes, 74 B.C.; they have evidently been rearranged or rebuilt at various times, the columns with their capitals and the See also:

• ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature having been utilized again . The shafts of the columns of the upper See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

storey are richly carved with geometrical patterns similar to those found by Loftus at Warka . The See also:

• AMERICAN

American researches at See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur have resulted in the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery on the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the mounds of the remains of a Parthian palace; and the disposition of its plan (fig . 20), and the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of the columns of From Prof . H .

V . Hilprecht's Exploration in See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible Lands, by permission of A . J . See also:

• HOLMAN, JAMES (1786–1857)

Holman & Co. and T . & T . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark . the peristylar court, show so strong a resemblance to Greek work as to suggest the same Hellenistic See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence as in the palace of el Hadr . Having no See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, however, they were obliged to build up these columns at Nippur with sections in See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, covered afterwards with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco . The columns diminished at the top to about one-fifth of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and would seem to have had an See also:

• ENTASIS (from Gr. vTelvety, to stretch a line or bend a bow)

entasis, as the lower portion up to one-third of the height is nearly See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical . A similar palace was discovered at Tello by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French archaeologists, and the bases of some of the brick columns are in the Louvre . (R . P .