PATAGONIA  , the name given to that portion of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America which, to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes, lies mainly south of the Rio See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro (41° S.), and, to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of the Andes, south of the Chilean See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of See also:

• LLANQUIHUE (pron. fan-ke-wa)

Llanquihue (42° S.) . The Chilean portion embraces the two provinces of Chiloe and See also:

• MAGALLANES (Spanish form of Magellan)

Magallanes . East of the Andes the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine portion of Patagonia is divided into four territories: (I) See also:

• NEUQUEN

Neuquen, 42,000 sq. in. approximately, including the triangle between the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers Limay and Neuquen, and extending south-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SHORE

shore of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Nahuel-Huapi (41° S.) and northward to the Rio See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado; (2) Rio Negro, 76,000 sq. m. approximately, extending from the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic to the See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera of the Andes, to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of 42° S.; (3) See also:

• CHUBUT

Chubut, 95,000 sq. m. approximately, embracing the region between 42° and 46° S.; and (4) that portion of the province of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz which stretches from the last-named parallel as far south as the dividing See also:

• LINE

line with See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile, and between Point See also:

• DUNGENESS

Dungeness and the See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed of the Cordillera, an See also:

• AREA

area approximately of ro6,000 sq. m . Physiography.—The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the Argentine portion of Patagonia is for the most See also:

• PART

part a region of vast See also:

• STEPPE (from the Russ. stepi, a waste)

steppe-like plains, rising in a See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of abrupt terraces about 300 ft. at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and covered with an enormous See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle almost See also:

• BARE

bare of vegetation . In the hollows of the plains are ponds or lakes of brackish and fresh See also:

• WATER

water . Towards the Andes the shingle gives See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry, See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• BASALT

basalt lavas, See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life becomes more abundant and vegetation more luxuriant, acquiring the characteristics of the See also:

• FLORA

flora of the western See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and consisting principally of the See also:

• BEECH

beech and conifers . Among the depressions by which the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau is intersected transversely, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal are the Gualichu, south of the Rio Negro, the Maquinchau and Balcheta (through which previously flowed the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of lake Nahuel-Huapi, which now feed the See also:

• RIVER

river Limay); the Senguerr, the Deseado . Besides these transverse depressions (some of them marking lines of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient inter-oceanic communication), there are others which were occupied by more or less extensive lakes, such as the Yagagtoo, Musters and Colhuapi, and others situated to the south of Puerto Deseado, in the centre of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . In the central region volcanic eruptions, which have taken part in the formation of the plateau from the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period down to the pre-sent era, See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a large part with basaltic See also:

• LAVA

lava-caps; and in the western third more See also:

• RECENT

recent glacial deposits appear above the lava . There, in contact with folded Cretaceous rocks, uplifted by the Tertiary granite, erosion, caused principally by the sudden melting and re-treat of the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, aided by tectonic changes, has scooped out a deep See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal depression, which generally separates the plateau from the first lofty hills, the ridges generally called the pre-Cordillera, while on the west of these there is a similar longitudinal depression all along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the snowy Andean Cordillera . This latter depression contains the richest and most fertile See also:

• LAND

land of Patagonia . The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological constitution is in accordance with the orographic See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy .

The Tertiary plateau, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat on the east, gradually rising on the west, shows Upper Cretaceous caps at its See also:

• BASE

base . First come See also:

• LOWER

Lower Cretaceous hills, raised by granite and dioritic rocks, undoubtedly of Tertiary origin, as in some cases these rocks have broken across the Tertiary beds, so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in mammal remains; then follow, on the west, metamorphic See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists of uncertain See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age; then quartzites appear, resting directly on the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive granite and See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the Cordillera . Porphyritic rocks occur between the schists and the quartzites . The Tertiary deposits are greatly varied in character, and there is considerable difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion concerning the succession and correlation of thg beds . They are divided by Wilckens 2 into the following See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series (in ascending See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order) : 1 . Pyrotherium-Notostylops beds . Of terrestrial origin, containing remains of See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia . See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene and Oligocene . 2 O . Wilckens, " See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Meeresablagerungen der Kreide- and Tertiar-formation in Patagonien," in Neues Jahrb. f . See also:

• MIN

Min., Beilage-See also:

• BAND

Band XXI . (1906), 98-195 .

2 . Patagonian Molasse . Partly marine, partly terrestrial . Lower See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene . Wilckens includes in this series the See also:

• COAL

coal of Punta Arenas, and the marine beds below it . 3 . Santa Cruz series . Containing remains of mammals . See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle and Upper Miocene . 4 . See also:

• PARANA

Parana series . Sandstones and conglomerates with marine fossils .

See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene . Confined to the eastern part of the region . The Upper Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits have revealed a most interesting vertebrate See also:

• FAUNA

fauna . This, together with the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the perfect cranium of a chelonian of the genus Myolania, which may be said to be almost identical with Myolania oweni of the See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene age in See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland, forms an evident See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the connexion between the Australian and South See also:

• AMERICAN

American continents . The Patagonian Myolania belongs to the Upper See also:

• CHALK

Chalk, having been found associated with remains of Dinosauria . Other specimens of the interesting fauna of Patagonia, belonging to the Middle Tertiary, are the gigantic wingless birds, exceeding See also:

• SIZE

size any hitherto known, and the singular mammal Pyrotherium, also of very large dimensions . In the Tertiary marine formation a considerable number of cetaceans has been discovered . In deposits of much later date, formed when the physiognomy of the country did not differ materially from that of the See also:

• PRESENT

present time, there have been discovered remains of pampean mammals, such as See also:

• GLYPTODON (Greek for " fluted-tooth ")

Glyptodon and See also:

• MACRAUCHENIA

Macrauchenia, and in a See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave near Last See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope Inlet, a gigantic ground See also:

• SLOTH

sloth (Grypotherium listai), an animal which lived contemporaneously with See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and whose skin, well preserved, showed that its extermination was undoubtedly very recent . With the remains of Grypotherium have been found those of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse (Onoshippidium), which are known only from the lower See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

pampas mud, and of the Arctotherium, which is found, although not in abundance, in even the most See also:

• MODERN

modern Pleistocene deposits in the pampas of Buenos Aires . It would not be surprising if this latter animal were still in existence, for footprints, which may be attributed to it, have been observed on the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the rivers Tamango and Pista, affluents of the See also:

• LAS

Las Heras, which run through the eastern foot-hills of the Cordillera in 47° S . Glaciers occupy the valleys of the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain and some of the lateral ridges of the Cordillera, and descend to lakes See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin, Viedma, Argentino and others in the same locality, strewing them with icebergs . In Patagonia an immense ice-See also:

• SHEET

sheet extended to the east of the present Atlantic coast during the first ice age, at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Tertiary See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, while, during the second glacial age in modern times, the terminal moraines have generally stopped, 30 See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles in the north and 5o miles in the south, east of the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the Cordillera .

These ice-sheets, which scooped out the greater part of the longitudinal depressions, and appear to have rapidly retreated to the point where the glaciers now exist, did not, however, in their retirement fill up with their detritus the fjords of the Cordillera, for these are now occupied by deep lakes on the east, and on the west by the Pacific channels, some of which are as much as 250 fathoms in See also:

• DEPTH

depth, and soundings taken in them show that the fjords are as usual deeper in the vicinity of the mountains than to the west of the islands . Several of the high peaks are still active volcanoes . In so far as its main characteristics are concerned, Patagonia seems to be a portion of the See also:

• ANTARCTIC
• ANTARCTIC (Gr. &vri, opposite, and apKTos, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Antarctic See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, the permanence of which See also:

• DATES

dates from very recent times, as is evidenced by the apparent recent emergence of the islets around Chiloe, and by the general character of the pampean formation . Some of the promontories of Chiloe are still called huapi, the Araucanian See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent for " islands "; and this may perhaps be accepted as perpetuating the recollection of the time when they actually were islands . They are composed of caps of shingle, with See also:

• GREAT

great, more or less rounded boulders, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and volcanic ashes, precisely of the same form as occurs on the Patagonian plateau . From an examination of the pampean formation it is evident that in recent times the land of the province of Buenos Aires extended farther to the east, and that the advance of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, and the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-water deposits See also:

• LEFT

left by it when it retired, forming some of the lowlands which occur on the littoral and in the interior of the pampas, are much more recent phenomena; and certain caps of shingle, derived from rocks of a different class from those of the neighbouring hills, which are observed on the Atlantic coasts of the same province, and increase in quantity and size towards the south, seem to indicate that the caps of shingle which now cover such a great part of the Patagonian territory recently extended farther to the east, over land which has now disappeared beneath the sea, while other marine deposits along the same coasts became converted into bays during the subsequent advance of the sea . There are besides, in the neighbourhood of the present coast, deposits of volcanic ashes, and the ocean throws up on its shores blocks of basaltic lava, which in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability proceed from eruptions of submerged volcanoes now See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct . One fact, however, which apparently demonstrates with greater certainty the existence in recent times of land that is now lost, is the presence of remains of pampean mammals in Pleistocene deposits in the See also:

• BAY

bay of San See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian and in Santa Cruz . The animals undoubtedly reached these localities from the east; it is not at all probable that they advanced from the north southwards across the plateau intersected at that cline by great rivers and covered by the ice-sheet . With the exception of the discoveries at the inlet of Ultima Esperanza, which isin close communication with the Atlantic valley of Gallegos, none of these remains have been discovered in the Andean regions . On the upper plains of Neuquen territory thousands of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle can be fed, and the forests around Lakes Traful and Nahuel-Huapi yield large quantities of valuable See also:

• TIMBER

timber . The Neuquen river is not navigable, but as its waters are capable of being easily dammed in places, large stretches of land in its valley are utilized; but the lands on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of its lower part are of little commercial value .

As the Cordillera is approached the See also:

• SOIL

soil becomes more fertile, and suitable districts for the rearing of cattle and other agricultural purposes exist between the regions which surround the Tromen See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano and the first ridges of the Andes . Chos Malal, the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the territory, is situated in one of these valleys . More to the west is the See also:

• MINING

mining region, in great part unexplored, but containing deposits of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper and See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite . In the centre of the territory, also in the neighbourhood of the mining districts, are the valleys of Norquin and Las Lajas, the general See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of the Argentine See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in Patagonia, with excellent timber in the See also:

• FOREST

forest on the Andean slope . The wide valleys occur near Rio See also:

• MALLECO

Malleco, Lake Huechulafquen, the river Chimehuin, and See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega de Chapelco, near Lake Lacar, where are situated villages of some importance, such as See also:

• JUNIN

Junin de los Andes and San Martin de los Andes . Close to these are the famous See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple orchards supposed to have been planted by the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in the 17th and 18th centuries . These regions are drained by the river Collon-Cura, the principal affluent of the river Limay . Lake Lacar is now a contributary of the Pacific, its outlet having been changed to the west, owing to a passage having been opened through the Cordillera . The Rio Negro runs along a wide transverse depression. the middle part of which is followed by the railway which runs to the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Neuquen at the confluence of the rivers Limay and Neuquen . In this depression are several settlements, among them Viedma, the capital of the Rio Negro territory, Pringles, Conesa, Choele-Choel and Roca . To the south of the Rio Negro the Patagonian plateau is intersected by the depressions of the Gualicho and Maquinchau, which in former times directed the waters of two great rivers (now disappeared) to the gulf of San Matias, the first-named depression draining the network of the Collon-Cura and the second the Nahuel-Huapi lake See also:

• SYSTEM

system . In 42° S. there is a third broad trans-See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse depression, apparently the bed of another great river, now perished, which carried to the Atlantic the waters of a portion of the eastern slope of the Andes, between 410 and 420 30' S .

Chubut territory presents the same characteristics as the Rio Negro territory . Rawson, the capital, is situated at the mouth of the river Chubut on the Atlantic (42° 30' S.) . The See also:

• TOWN

town was founded in 1865 by a See also:

• GROUP

group of colonists from "See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, assisted by the Argentine See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government; and its prosperity has led to the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of other important centres in the valley, such as Treleu and Gaiman, which is connected by railway with See also:

• PORTO

Porto Madryn on See also:

• BAHIA

Bahia Nueva . Here is the seat of the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the territory, and by 1895 the inhabitants of this part of the territory, composed principally of Argentines, Welsh and Italians, numbered 2585 . The valley has been irrigated and cultivated, and produces the best See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat of the Argentine See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic . Between the Chubut and the Senguerr there are vast stretches of fertile land, spreading over the Andean region to the foot of the Cordillera and the lateral ridges of the Pre-Cordillera, and filling the basins of some desiccated lakes, which have been occupied since 1885, and farms and colonies founded upon them . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of these colonies is that of the 16th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October (16 de Octobre), formed in 1886, mainly by the inhabitants of Chubut See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony, in the longitudinal valley which extends to the eastern foot of the Cordillera . Other rivers in this territory flow into the Pacific through breaches in the Cordillera, e.g. the upper affluents of the Fetaleufu, Palena and Rio Cisnes . The principal affluent of the Palena, the Carrenleufu, carries off the waters of Lake General Paz, situated on the eastern slope of the Cordillera . Rio See also:

• PICO

Pico, an affluent of the same river, receives nearly the whole of the waters of the extensive undulating See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain which lies between the Rio Teka and the Rio Senguerr to the east of the Cordillera, while the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder are carried away by the affluents of Rio Jehua, viz., the Cherque, Omkel and Appeleg . This region contains auriferous drifts, but these, like the auriferous deposits, See also:

• VEINS

veins of See also:

• GALENA

galena and lignite in the mountains farther west which flank the Cordillera, have not been properly investigated . At Lake See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana there are auriferous drifts and lignite deposits which abound in fossil See also:

• PLANTS

plants of the Cretaceous age .

The streams which form the rivers See also:

• MAYO
• MAYO, RICHARD SOUTHWELL BOURKE, 6TH EARL OF (1822-1872)

Mayo and Chalia join the tributaries of the Rio Aisen, which flows into the Pacific, watering in its course extensive and valuable districts where colonization has been initiated by Argentine settlers . Colonies have also been formed in the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of Lakes Musters and See also:

• COLL

Coll-me; and on the coasts near the Atlantic, along Bahia Camarones and the Gulf of San Jorge, there are extensive farms . The territory of Santa Cruz is arid along the Atlantic coast and in the central portion between 46° and 5o S . With the exception of certain valleys at Puerto Deseado (See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• DESIRE

Desire) and in the trans-verse basins which occur as far south as Puerto San Julian, and which contain several cattle farms, few spots are capable of cultivation, the pastures being poor, water insufficient and salt lagunas fairly numerous . Puerto Deseado is the outlet for the produce of the Andean region situated between Lakes Buenos Aires and Pueyrredon . Into this inlet there flowed at the time of the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest a voluminous river, which subsequently disappeared, but returned again to its ancient bed, owing to the river Fenix, one of its affluents, which had deviated to the west, regaining its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original direction . Lake Buenos Aires, the largest lake in Patagonia, measuring 75 M. in length, poured its waters into the Atlantic even in See also:

• POST

post-Glacial times by means of the river Deseado; and it is so depicted on the maps of the 17th and 18th centuries; and so too did Lake Pueyrredon, which, through the See also:

• ACTION

action of erosion, now empties itself westward, through the river Las Heras, into the Calen inlet of the Pacific, in 48° S . San Julian on Puerto San Julian, where See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan wintered, is the centre of a cattle farming colony, and colonists have pushed into the interior up the valley of a now extinct river which in comparatively recent times carried down to Puerto San Julian the waters of Lakes Volcan, Belgrano, See also:

• AZARA, DON JOSE NICHOLAS DE (1731-1804)

Azara, See also:

• NANSEN, FRIDTJOF (1861– )
• NANSEN, HANS (1598-1667)

Nansen, and some other lakes which now drain into the river See also:

• MAYER, JOHANN TOBIAS (1723-1762)
• MAYER, JULIUS ROBERT (1814-1878)

Mayer and so into Lake San Martin . The valleys of the Rio Chico throughout their whole extent, as well as those of Lake Shehuen, afford excellent grazing, and around Lakes Belgrano, Burmeister and Rio Mayer and San Martin there are spots suitable for cultivation . In the Cretaceous hills which flank the Cordillera important lignite beds and deposits of See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils have been discovered . The Rio Santa Cruz, originally explored by See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• FITZROY
• FITZROY, ROBERT (1805-1865)

Fitzroy and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin, is an important artery of communication between the regions bordering upon the Cordillera and the Atlantic . In Santa Cruz bay an important See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade centre has been established .

But the present cattle region See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence of Patagonia is the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of Rio Gallegos, the farms extending from the Atlantic to the Cordillera . Puerto Gallegos itself is an important business centre, which bids See also:

• FAIR

fair to See also:

• RIVAL

rival the Chilean colony of Punta Arenas, on the Straits of Magellan . Owing to the produce of the cattle farms established there, the working of coal in the neighbourhood, and the export of timber from the surrounding forests, the town of Punta Arenas is in a flourishing See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition . Its See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 4000 . But the colonization of the western (Chilean) coast has generally failed, principally owing to the adverse See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic conditions of the Cordillera in those latitudes . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is less severe than was supposed by See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early travellers . The east slope is warmer than the west, especially in summer, as a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• EQUATORIAL

equatorial current reaches its shores, whereas the west coast is washed by a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold current . At Puerto See also:

• MONTT, MANUEL (1809-1880)

Montt, on the inlet behind Chiloe See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island. the mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature is 52 ° F. and the See also:

• AVERAGE

average extremes 78° and 29.5°, whereas at Bahia Blanca near the Atlantic coast and just outside the northern confines of Patagonia the annual temperature is 59° and the range much greater . At Punta Arenas, in the extreme south, the mean temperature is 43° and the average extremes 76° and 28° . The prevailing winds are See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly, and the westward slope has a much heavier precipitation than the eastern; thus at Puerto Montt the mean annual precipitation is 97 in., but at Bahia Blanca it is 19 in . At Punta Arenas it is 22 in . Fauna.—The See also:

• GUANACO

guanaco, the See also:

• PUMA

puma, the zorro or Brazilian See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox (Canis azarae), the zorrino or Mephitis patagonica (a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• SKUNK
• SKUNK (probably derived from " Seecawk," the Cree name for the skunk; another form given is " seganku ")

skunk), and the tuco-tuco or Ctenomys rnagellanicus (a rodent) are the most characteristic mammals of the Patagonian plains .

The guanaco roam in herds over the country and form with the See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich (See also:

• RHEA

Rhea americana, and more rarely Rhea darwinii) the chief means of subsistence for the natives, who See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt them on horseback with See also:

• DOGS, ISLE OF

dogs and See also:

• BOLAS (plural of Span. bola, ball)

bolas . See also:

• BIRD

Bird-life is often wonderfully abundant . The carrancha or carrion-See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk (Polyborus tharus) is one of the characteristic See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of a Patagonian landscape; the presence of See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-tailed See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green parakeets (Conurus cyanolysius) as far south as the shores of the strait attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the earlier navigators; and humming-birds may be seen flying amidst the falling See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow . Of the many kinds of water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl it is enough to mention the See also:

• FLAMINGO (Port. Flamingo, Span. Flamenco)

flamingo, the upland See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose, and in the strait the remarkable steamer See also:

• DUCK

duck . Population.—The natives of Patagonia are nearly extinct . Here and there one may find a Tehuelchian or Gennaken encampment, but natives of pure See also:

• RACE

race are now very scarce, and the two races all told probably do not number more than zoo male individuals . The Tehuelches were the dominant race in Patagonia . These See also:

• PEOPLE

people, from whom the name of Tierra de Patagones was given by Magellan on observing their large footprints, are remarkable for their great stature, having an average height of 6 ft. to 6 ft . 4 in . They are not known to have applied any collective name to their various tribes; See also:

• TEHUELCHE, CHUELCHE

Tehuelche is the Araucanian name for them . They have been described as kindly in disposition, though sometimes quarrelsome; skilled in the See also:

• CHASE
• CHASE, SALMON PORTLAND (1808-1873)
• CHASE, SAMUEL (1741–1811)
• CHASE, WILLIAM MERRITT (1849– )

chase, addicted to gambling and to drinking, though also capable of long endurance of privation . Their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion recognized a Great Spirit, and designated the new See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon as an See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship .

The Gennakens differ in type and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language from the Tehuelches . The remaining population is composed of See also:

• ARAUCANIANS (or AucA)

Araucanians, a mixture of the Tehuelches and Gennaken . But these are not the only type of people who have dwelt in Patagonia . The ancient See also:

• BURIAL

burial-places have yielded the bones of other racesquite distinct from the present inhabitants, some of them having greatly resembled the primitive types which are met with more to the north, in the Argentine See also:

• CHACO

Chaco and in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil; while others, again, strongly resembled certain of the Pacific races, in that they possessed ethnic characteristics which have not been observed elsewhere in South America . Among these remains every type of artificial deformity of the See also:

• SKULL

skull hitherto known has been found, while at the present time the natives only practise the occipital deformation which is so See also:

• COMMON

common among the western tribes of America . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—Patagonia was discovered in 1520 by Ferdinand Magellan, who on his passage along the coast named many of the more striking features—Gulf of San Matias, Cape of 11,000 Virgins (now simply Cape Virgenes), &c . By 1611 the Patagonian See also:

• GOD

god Setebos (Settaboth in Pigafetta) was See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to the hearers of the See also:

• TEMPEST, MARIE (1866– )

Tempest . Rodrigo de See also:

• ISLA, JOSE FRANCISCO DE (1703-1781)

Isla, despatched inland in 1535 from San Matias by Alcazava Sotomayor (on whom western Patagonia had been conferred by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain), was the first to See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the great Patagonian plain, and, but for the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

mutiny of his men, he would have struck across the Andes to the Chilean side . Pedro de See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza, on whom the country was next bestowed, lived to found Buenos Aires, but not to carry his explorations to the south . Alonzo de See also:

• CAMARGO, MARIE ANNE DE CUPIS DE (1710-1770)

Camargo (1539), Juan Ladrilleros (1557) and Hurtado de Mendoza (1558) helped to make known the western coasts, and See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• DRAKE, NATHAN (1766-1836)
• DRAKE, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1545-1595)

Drake's voyage in 1577 down the eastern coast through the strait and northward by Chile and See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru was memorable for several reasons; but the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography of Patagonia owes more to Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa (1579–1580), who, devoting himself especially to the south-west region, made careful and accurate surveys . The settlement which he founded at Nombre de Dios and San Felipe were neglected by the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish government, and the latter was in such a miserable See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state when See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish visited it in " 1587 that he called it Port See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

Famine . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district in the neighbourhood of Puerto Deseado, explored by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis about the same period, was taken See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of by Sir John See also:

• NARBOROUGH, SIR JOHN (d. 1688)

Narborough in the name of King Charles II. in 1669 .

In the second See also:

• HALF

half of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century knowledge of Patagonia was augmented by See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron (1764–1765), S . See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis (1766) and L . A. de See also:

• BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS ANTOINE DE (1729-1811)

Bougainville (1766); Thomas Falkner, a Jesuit who " resided near See also:

• FORTY

forty years in those parts," published his Description of Patagonia (See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford, 1774); See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Viedma founded El Carmen, and See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio advanced inland to the Andes (1782); and Basilio Villarino ascended the Rio Negro (1782) . The "See also:

• ADVENTURE (from Lat. res adventura, a thing about to happen)

Adventure" and " Beagle " expeditions under See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip King (1826–183o) and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Fitzroy (1832–1836) were of first-See also:

• RATE

rate importance, the latter especially from the participation of Charles Darwin; but of the interior of the country nothing was observed except 200 miles of the course of the Santa Cruz . Captain G . C . Musters in 1869 wandered in See also:

• COMPANY

company with a band of Tehuelches through the whole length of the country from the strait to the Manzaneros in the north-west, and collected a great See also:

• DEAL

deal of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about the people and their mode of life . Since that date explorations have been carried on by F . P . Moreno, Ramon Lista, See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos M . Moyano, A . See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand, H .

Steffen, P . See also:

• KRUGER, STEPHANUS JOHANNES PAULUS (1825-1904)

Kruger, R . Hauthal, C . See also:

• BURCKHARDT, JAKOB (1818–1897)
• BURCKHARDT, JOHN LEWIS [JOHANN LUDWIG] (1784-1817)

Burckhardt, O . See also:

• NORDENSKIOLD, NILS ADOLF ERIK, BARON (1832-1901)

Nordenskiold, J . B . Hatcher, the surveyors of the Argentine and Chilean Boundary Commissions and others . See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

Bibliographical lists for Patagonia are given in J . Wappaus, Handbuch der Geogr. is . Slat. See also:

• DES

des ehemal. span . Mittel- and Sud-Amerika (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1863–187o) ; in V . G .

Quesada, La Patagonia y las tierras australes del continente americano (Buenos Aires, 1875) ; and in T . Coan, Adventures in Patagonia (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1880) . See also C . Darwin, See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Researches (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1845), and Geological Observations on South America (London, 1846); W . See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker Snow, A Two Years' Cruise off . . . Patagonia (London, 1857) ; G . C . Musters, At See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

Home with the Patagonian (London, 1871); R . O . See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham, Nat . Hist. of the Strait of Magellan (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1871) ; F .

P . Moreno, Viaje d la Patagonia austral (Buenos Aires, 1879) ; Rapport preliminaire Neuquen, Chubut, et Rio Negro (La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata, 1897); Apuntes preliminares (Buenos Aires, 1897) ; " Explorations in Patagonia ' in See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Journal, xiv . (London, 1899) ; and " Patagonia " in the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Geographical See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, 1897); See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

F