JOHANN See also:

• REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823)

REINHOLD See also:

• JOHANN REINHOLD PATKUL (1660-1707)

PATKUL (1660-1707)  , Livonian politician and agitator, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, where his See also:

• FATHER

father See also:

• LAY

lay under suspicion of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason . He entered the See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and was already a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain when, in 1689, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a deputation of Livonian gentry, he went to Stockholm to protest against the rigour with which the See also:

• LAND

land-recovery project of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles XI. was being carried out in his native See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province . His eloquence favourably impressed Charles XI., but his representations were disregarded, and the offensive See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language with which, in another See also:

• PETITION (Lat. for " seeking " or " praying ")

petition addressed to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king three years later, he renewed his complaints, involved him in a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution . To See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save himself from the penalties of high treason, See also:

• PATKUL, JOHANN REINHOLD (1660-1707)

Patkul fled from Stockholm to Switzer-land, and was condemned in contumaciam to lose his right See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and his head . His estates were at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time confiscated . For the next four years he led a vagabond See also:

• LIFE

life, but in 1698, after vainly petitioning the new king, Charles XII., for See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon, he entered the service of See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus the Strong of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony and See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, with the deliberate intention of wresting from See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden See also:

• LIVONIA, or LIVLAND (Russian, Liflandia)

Livonia, to which he had now no See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of returning so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as that province belonged to the Swedish See also:

• CROWN

Crown . The aristocratic See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of Poland was obviously the most convenient suzerain for a Livonian nobleman; so, in 1698, Patkul proceeded to the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the king-elector at See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden and bombarded Augustus with proposals for the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of Sweden . His first See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination against her of Saxony, See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark and See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg; but, Brandenburg failing him, he was obliged very unwillingly to admit See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia into the See also:

• PARTNERSHIP (earlier forms, partener, parcener, from Late Lat. partionarius for partitionarius, from partitio, sharing, pars, part)

partnership . The See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar was to be content with Ingria and See also:

• ESTHONIA (Ger. Ehstland and Ehshland, Esthonian Eestimae and Meie-maa, also Viroma and Rahvama; Lettish Iggaun Senna)

Esthonia, while Augustus was to take Livonia, nominally as a See also:

• FIEF

fief of Poland, but really as an hereditary See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Saxon See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . Military operations against Sweden's Baltic provinces were to be begun simultaneously by the See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons and Russians . After thus See also:

• FORGING

forging the first See also:

• LINK

link of the partition treaty, Patkul proceeded to See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, and, at a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference held at Preobrazhenskoye, easily persuaded See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great to accede to the nefarious See also:

• LEAGUE

league (Nov . 11, 1699) .

Thoughout the earlier, unluckier days of the Great See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, Patkul was the mainstay of the confederates . At See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, in 1702, he picked up the Scottish See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict See also:

• OGILVIE (or OGILBY), JOHN (c. 158o-1615)

Ogilvie, and enlisted him in Peter's service . The same See also:

• YEAR

year, recognizing the -unprofitableness of serving such a See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master as Augustus, he exchanged the Saxon for the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian service . Peter was glad enough to get a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man so famous for his talents and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy, but Patkul speedily belied his reputation . His knowledge was too See also:

• LOCAL

local and limited . On the 19th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1704 he succeeded, at last, in bringing about a treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between Russia and the See also:

• POLISH

Polish republic to strengthen the hands of Augustus, but he failed to bring See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia also into the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Swedish league because of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick I.'s fear of Charles and See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of Peter . From See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Patkul went on to Dresden to conclude an agreement -with the imperial commissioners for the See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of the Russian contingent from the Saxon to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian service . The Saxon ministers, after protesting against the new arrangement, arrested Patkul and shut him up in the fortress of Sonnenstein (Dec . 19, 1705), altogether disregarding the remonstrances of Peter against such a See also:

• GROSS

gross violation of See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . After the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• ALTRANSTADT

Altranstadt (See also:

• SEPT

Sept . 24, 1707) he was delivered up to Charles, and at Kazimierz in Poland (Oct. lo, 1707) was broken alive on the See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, Charles rejecting an See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy from his See also:

• SISTER

sister, the princess Ulrica, on the ground that Patkul, as a traitor, could not be pardoned for example's See also:

• SAKE

sake . See 0 .

Sjogren, Johan See also:

• REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823)

Reinhold Patkul (Swed.) (Stockholm, 1882) ; Anton Buchholtz, Beitrage zur Lebensgeschichte J . R . Patkuls (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1893) . (R . N .