See also:

• PATRON

PATRON AND CLIENT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. patronus, from See also:

• PATER, WALTER HORATIO (1839-1894)

pater, See also:

• FATHER

father; clientes or cluentes, from cluere, to obey)  , in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . Clientage appears to have been an institution of most of the Graeco-See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian peoples in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early stages of their See also:

• HISTORY

history; but it is in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome that we can most easily trace its origin, progress and decay . Until the reforms of Servius Tullius, the only citizens proper were the members of the patrician and See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile houses; they alone could participate in the solemnities of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract quiritarian See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage, hold See also:

• PROPERTY

property, and enjoy the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the See also:

• LAWS

laws . But alongside of them was a gradually increasing non-See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population composed partly of slaves, partly of See also:

• FREE

free-men, who were nevertheless not admitted to See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

burgess rights . To the latter class belonged the clients, individuals who had attached themselves in a position of dependence to the heads of patrician houses as their patrons, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order thereby to secure See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to a gens, which would involve a de facto freedom . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen held that the See also:

• PLEBS (from the root seen in Lat. plenus, full; cf. Gr. 7rXit9os)

plebs consisted originally of clients only; but the earliest records of Rome reveal the possibility of a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man becoming a plebeian member of the Roman state without assuming the dependent position of clientship (see See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

PATRICIANS); and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long before the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Servius Tullius the clients must be regarded as a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section only of the plebeian order, which also contained members unattached to any patronus . The relation-See also:

• SHIP

ship of See also:

• PATRON

patron and client was ordinarily created by what, from theclient's point of view, was called adplicatio ad patronum, from that of the patron, susceptio clientis—the client being either a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who had come to Rome as an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile, who had passed through the See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum, or who had belonged to a state which Rome had overthrown . According to See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius and See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, it was one of the early cares of See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus to regulate the relationship, which, by their See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of it, was esteemed a very intimate one, imposing upon the patron duties only less sacred than those he owed to his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children and his See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, more urgent than any he could be called upon to perform towards his kinsmen, and whose neglect entailed the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of See also:

• DEATH

death (Tellumoni sacer esta) . He was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to provide his client with the necessaries of See also:

• LIFE

life; and it was a See also:

• COMMON

common practice to make him a See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant during See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure of a small See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot of See also:

• LAND

land to cultivate on his own account . Further, he had to advise him in all his affairs; to represent him in any transactions with third parties in which, as a non-citizen, he could not See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act with effect; and, above all things, to stand by him, or rather be his substitute, in any litigation in which he might become involved . The client in return had not only generally to render his patron the respect and obedience due by a dependant, but, when he was in a position to do so and the circumstances of the patron required it, to render him pecuniary assistance . As time advanced and clients amassed See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, we find this See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty insisted upon in a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of forms, as in contributions towards the dowries of a patron's daughters, towards the See also:

• RANSOM (from Lat. redemptio, through Fr. rancon)

ransom of a patron or any of his See also:

• FAMILY

family who had been taken See also:

• CAPTIVE (from Lat. capere, to take)

captive, towards the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of penalties or fines imposed upon a patron, even towards his See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance when he had become reduced to poverty .

Neither might give See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence against the other—a See also:

• RULE

rule we find still in observance well on in the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., when C . Herennius declined to be a See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness against C . See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius on the ground that the family of the latter had for generations been clients of the Herennii (Plut . See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar . 5) . The client was regarded as a See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor member (gentilicius) of his patron's gens; he was entitled to assist in its religious services, and bound to contribute to the cost of them; he had to follow his patron to See also:

• BATTLE

battle on the order of the gens; he was subject to its See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction and discipline, and was entitled to See also:

• BURIAL

burial in its common See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

sepulchre . And this was the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, not only of the client who personally had attached himself to a patron, but that also of his descendants; the patronage and the clientage were alike hereditary . The same relationship was held to exist between a freedman and his former owner; for originally a slave did not on enfranchisement,become a citizen; it was a de facto freedom merely that he enjoyed; his old owner was always called his patron, while he and his descendants were substantially in the position of clients, and often so designated . In the two See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years that elapsed before the Servian constitutional reforms, the numerical strength of the clients, whether in that condition by adplicatio, enfranchisement or descent, must have become considerable; and it was from time to time augmented by the retainers of distinguished immigrants admitted into the ranks of the patriciate . There seems also to have been during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual growth of virtual See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence on the part of the clients, and it is probable that their See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of the See also:

• SOIL

soil had in many cases come to be practically regarded as ownership, when a patron had not asserted his right for generations . The exact nature of the privileges conferred on the clients by Servius Tullius is not known . Probably this See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king guaranteed to the whole plebeian order, including the clients, the legal right of private ownership of Roman land .

At the same time he imposed upon the whole order the duty of serving in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, which was now organized on a basis of wealth . The client had previously been liable to military service at the command of the gens . Now he was called upon to take his part in it as a member of the state . As a natural corollary to this, all the plebeians seem to have been enrolled in the tribes, and after the institution of the plebeian See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly (concilium plebis) the clients, who formed a large part of the order, secured a See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence which steadily increased . It is not certain how soon they acquired the right to litigate in person on their own behalf, but their See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of this right seems to be implied in the XII: Tables, and may have been granted them at an earlier date . At any See also:

• RATE

rate after 449 B.C. there were no disabilities in private law involved in their status . The relation of patron and client, it is true, still remained; the patron could still exact from his client respect, obedience and service, and he and his gens had still an eventual right of See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to a deceased client's See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . But the fiduciary duties of the patron were greatly relaxed, and practically little more was expected of him than that he should continue to give his client his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice, and prevent him falling into a condition of indigence; sacer esto ceased to be the penalty of protection denied or withheld, its application being limited to fraus facia, which in the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the Tables meant See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive injury inflicted or damage done . So matters remained during the 4th, 3rd and 2nd centuries . In the 2nd and 1st a variety of events contributed still further to modify the relationship . The rapacity of patrons was checked by the lex Cincia (passed by M . Cincius Alimentus, See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune in 204 B.C.), which prohibited their taking gifts of See also:

• MONEY

money from their clients; marriages between patron and client gradually ceased to be regarded as unlawful, or as ineffectual to secure to the issue the status of the patron See also:

• FATHER

father .

At the same time the remaining political disabilities of the clients were removed by their enrolment in all the tribes instead of only the four See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city tribes, and their See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the magistracy and the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . Heredisary clientage ceased when a client attained to a See also:

• CURULE (Lat. currus, " chariot ")

curule dignity; and in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the descendants of freedmen enfranchised in See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn forms it came to be limited to the first See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . Gradually but steadily one feature after another of the old institution disappeared, till by the end of the 1st century it had resolved itself into the limited relationship between patron and freedman on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and the unlimited honorary relationship between the patron who gave gratuitous advice on questions of law and those who came to consult him on the other . To have a .large following of clients of this class was a See also:

• MATTER

matter of ambition to every man of See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark in the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic; it increased his importance, and ensured him a See also:

• BAND

band of zealous agents in his political schemes . But amid the rivalries of parties and with the venality of the See also:

• LOWER

lower orders, baser methods had to be resorted to in order to maintain a patron's influence; the favour and support of his clients had to be See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased with some-thing more substantial than See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere advice . And so arose that wretched and degrading clientage of the early See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, of which See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial, who was not ashamed to confess himself a first-rate specimen of the breed, has given us such graphic descriptions; gatherings of idlers, sycophants and spendthrifts, at the levees and public appearances of those whom, in their fawning servility, they addressed as lords and masters, but whom they abused behind their backs as See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close-fisted upstarts—and all for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the sportula, the daily See also:

• DOLE
• DOLE (from Old Eng. dal, cf. mod. " deal ")

dole of a See also:

• DINNER

dinner, or of a few pence wherewith to procure one . With the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle empire this disappeared; and when a reference to patron and client occurs in later times it is in the sense of counsel and client, the words patron and See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate being used almost synonymously . It was not so in the days of the great forensic orators . The word advocate, it is said, occurs only once in the singular in the pages of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . But at a later period, when the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar had become a profession, and the qualifications, admission, See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and fees of counsel had become a matter of state regulation, advocati was the word usually employed to designate the pleaders as a class of professional men, each individual advocate, however, being still spoken of as patron in reference to the litigant with whose See also:

• INTEREST

interest he was entrusted . It is in this limited connexion that patron and client come under our See also:

• NOTICE

notice in the latest monuments of Roman law . See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die romische Clientel," See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

Ram .

Forschungen, i . 355 (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1864) ; M . Voigt, " Ueber die Clientel and Libertinitat," in See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

Bee. d. phil. histor . Classe d. konigl. sacks . Gesellsch. d . Wissenschaften (1878, pp . 147—219) ; J . See also:

• MARQUARDT, JOACHIM (1812–1882)

Marquardt, Privatleben d . Romer, pp . 196—200 (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1879); M . Voigt, Die XII . Tafeln., ii .

667—679 (Leipzig, 1883) . Earlier literature is noted in P . See also:

• WILLEMS, FLORENT JOSEPH MARIE (1823–1905)
• WILLEMS, JEAN FRANCOIS (1793-'t846)

Willems, Le See also:

• DROIT (Fr. for " right," from Lat. directus, straight)

Droit public r >na.2in, 4th ed., p . 26 (See also:

• LOUVAIN (Flem. Leuven)

Louvain, 1880) . On the clientage of the earlyempire see W . A . See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker, See also:

• GALLUS, C
• GALLUS, CORNELIUS (c. 70-26 B.C.)
• GALLUS, GAIUS AELIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS CESTIUS
• GALLUS, GAIUS SULPICIUS

Gallus, vol. ii., Excursus 4 (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1849); L . Friedlander, Sittengeschichte Roms, i . 2oo-212 (Leipzig, 1901) ; Marquardt, op. cit. pp . 200-208 . On the latest clientage, see T . Grellet-Dumazeau, Le Barreau romain (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1858) .

(j . M.*; A . M .