See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

PAUL I  . (1754-1801), See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in the Summer See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace in St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg on the 1st of See also:

• OCTOBER

October (N.s.) —the loth of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar—1754 . He was the son of the See also:

• GRAND

grand duchess, afterwards empress, See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine . According to a scandalous See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report his See also:

• FATHER

father was not her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband the grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, afterwards emperor, but one See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Soltykov . There is probably no See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for this See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story except See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip, and the cynical malice of Catherine . During his See also:

• INFANCY

infancy he was taken from the care of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother by the empress See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, whose See also:

• ILL

ill-judged fondness is believed to have injured his See also:

• HEALTH

health . As a boy he was reported to be intelligent and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good-looking . His extreme ugliness in later See also:

• LIFE

life is attributed to an attack of typhus, from which he suffered in 1771 . It has been asserted that his mother hated him, and was only restrained from putting him to See also:

• DEATH

death while he was still a boy by the fear of what the consequences of another palace See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime might be to herself . See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE (abbreviated Bucks)
• BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, EARLS OF

Buckinghamshire, the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador at her See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, expressed this See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1764 . In fact, however, the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence goes to show that the empress, who was at all times very fond of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, treated See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul with kindness . He was put in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a See also:

• TRUST

trust-worthy See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, Nikita See also:

• PANIN, NIKITA IVANOVICH, COUNT (1718—1783)

Panin, and of competent tutors .

Her dissolute court was a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home for a boy who was to be the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, but Catherine took See also:

• GREAT

great trouble to arrange his first See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with See also:

• WILHELMINA (SOPHIA FRIDERIKA WILHELMINA) (1709-1758)
• WILHELMINA [WILHELMINA HELENA PAULINE MARIA OF ORANGE-NASSAU] (188o– )

Wilhelmina of See also:

• DARMSTADT

Darmstadt, who was renamed in Russia Nathalie AIexeevna, in 1773 . She allowed him to attend the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that he might be trained for his See also:

• WORK

work as emperor . His See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor Poroshin complained of him that he was " always in a See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry," acting and speaking without thinking . After his first marriage he began to engage in intrigues . He suspected his mother of intending to kill him, and once openly accused her of causing broken See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass to be mingled with his See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Yet, though his mother removed him from the council and began to keep him at a distance, her actions were not unkind . The use made of his name by the See also:

• REBEL, JOHANN PETER (176o-1826)

rebel See also:

• PUGACHEV

Pugachev in 1775 tended no doubt to render his position more difficult . When his wife died in childbirth in that See also:

• YEAR

year his mother arranged another marriage with the beautiful See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia Dorothea of See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg, renamed in Russia Maria Feodorovna . On the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of his first See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child in 1777 she gave him an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate, See also:

• PAVLOVSK

Pavlovsk . Paul and his wife were allowed to travel through western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in 1781-1782 . In 1783 the empress gave him another estate at See also:

• GATCHINA

Gatchina, where he was allowed to maintain a See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade of soldiers whom he drilled on the Prussian See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model . As Paul See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character became steadily degraded .

He was not incapable of See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection nor without generous impulses, but he was flighty, passionate in a childish way, and when angry capable of See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty . The affection he had for his wife turned to suspicion . He See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of two of his wife's maids of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession, Nelidov and Lapuknin, and of his See also:

• BARBER (from Lat. barba, beard)

barber, a See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish slave named Koroissov . For some years before Catherine died it was obvious that he was hovering on the border of See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity . Catherine contemplated setting him aside in favour of his son See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, to whom she was attached . Paul was aware of his mother's.See also:

• HALF

half-intentionfor it does not appear to have been more—and became increasingly suspicious of his wife and children, whom he rendered perfectly miserable . No definite step was taken to set him aside, probably because nothing would be effective See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of putting him to death, and Catherine shrank from the extreme course . When she was seized with See also:

• APOPLEXY (Gr. arov n i.a, from aroaMvvew, to strike down, to stun)

apoplexy he was See also:

• FREE

free to destroy the will by which she See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• CROWN

crown to Alexander, if any such will was ever made . The four and a half years of Paul's See also:

• RULE

rule in Russia were unquestionably the reign of a madman . The excitement of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from his retired life in Gatchinato omnipotence drove him below the See also:

• LINE

line of insanity . His conduct of the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs of Russia plunged the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country first into the second See also:

• COALITION (Lat. coalitio, the verbal substantive of coalescere, to grow together)

coalition against See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in 1778, and then into the armed See also:

• NEUTRALITY

neutrality against Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in 18o1 . In both cases he acted on See also:

• PERSONAL

personal pique, quarrelling with France because he took a sentimental See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the Order of See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta, and then with See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England because he was flattered by See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon .

But his See also:

• POLITICAL

political follies might have been condoned . What was unpardonable was that he treated the See also:

• PEOPLE

people about him like a shah, or one of the craziest of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman emperors . He began by repealing Catherine's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law which exempted the free classes of the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Russia from See also:

• CORPORAL

corporal See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment and See also:

• MUTILATION (from Lat. mutilus, maimed)

mutilation . Nobody could feel himself safe from See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile or brutal ill-treatment at any moment . If Russia had possessed any political institution except the tsardom he would have been put under See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint . But the country was not sufficiently civilized to See also:

• DEAL

deal with Paul as the Portuguese had dealt with See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso VI., a very similar See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, in 1667 . In Russia as in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Europe there was no safe See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison for a deposed ruler . A See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy was organized, some months before it was executed, by See also:

• COUNTS

Counts Pahlen and Panin, and a half-See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, half-Neapolitan adventurer, See also:

• ADMIRAL

Admiral Ribas . The death of Ribas delayed the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . On the See also:

• NIGHT

night of the 11th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 18o, Paul was murdered in his bedroom in the St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Palace by a See also:

• BAND

band of dismissed See also:

• OFFICERS

officers headed by See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BENNIGSEN, LEVIN AUGUST, COUNT VON (1745–1826)
• BENNIGSEN, RUDOLF VON (1824–1902)

Bennigsen, a Hanoverian in the Russian service .. They burst into his bedroom after supping together and when flushed with drink . The conspirators forced him to the table, and tried to compel him to sign his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication .

Paul offered some resistance, and one of the assassins struck him with a See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, and he was then strangled and trampled to death . He was succeeded by his son, the emperor Alexander I., who was actually in the palace, and to whom See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas Zubov, One of the assassins, announced his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . See, for Paul's early life, K . Waliszewski, Autour d'un trone (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1894), or the English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, The Story of a See also:

• THRONE

Throne (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1895), and P . Morane, Paul I. de Russie avant l'avenement (Paris, 1907) . For his reign, T . Schiemann, Geschichte Russlands unter Nikolaus I . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1904), vol. i. and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Ermordung Pauls, by the same author (Berlin, 1902) .