TUAMOTU See also:

• TUAMOTU PAUMOTU

PAUMOTU  , Or See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

LOW See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

ARCHIPELAGO, a broad See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of 78 atolls in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, between 14° and 24° S., and 131° and 149° W . They trend in irregular lines in a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west direction, the See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major See also:

• AXIS (Lat. for " axle ")

axis of the See also:

• GROUP

group extending over 1300 M . The largest See also:

• ATOLL (native name atollon in the Maldive Islands)

atoll, Rangiroa, with a See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon 45 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 15 wide, is made up of twenty islets . Fakarava, the next in See also:

• SIZE

size, consists of fifteen islets, and its oblong lagoon affords the best anchorage in the group . Hau has fifty islets, and its lagoon is dangerously studded with See also:

• CORAL

coral .. The symmetrically placed eleven islets of Anaa suggested to See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook the name of See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

Chain See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island . Heavy storms sometimes greatly alter the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the atolls . The first See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• PART

part of the archipelago was made by the Spaniard Pedro See also:

• FERNANDEZ, ALVARO
• FERNANDEZ, DIEGO
• FERNANDEZ, JOHN (Joao, Joam)
• FERNANDEZ, JUAN (fl. c. 1570)
• FERNANDEZ, LUCAS

Fernandez Quiros in 16o6 . Many navigators subsequently discovered or rediscovered various parts of the group—among them may be mentioned See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Lemaire ane Willem Schouten (1616), See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron (1765), See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret (1767), See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis See also:

• ANTOINE, ANDRE (1858- )

Antoine de See also:

• BOUGAINVILLE, LOUIS ANTOINE DE (1729-1811)

Bougainville (1768), Captain See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Cook (1769), See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant See also:

• BLIGH, WILLIAM (1754-1817)

Bligh (1792), Captain See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson of the " See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff " (1797), See also:

• OTTO

Otto von See also:

• KOTZEBUE, AUGUST FRIEDRICH FERDINAND VON (1761–1819)
• KOTZEBUE, OTTO VON (1787–1846)

Kotzebue (1815 See also:

• MID

mid 1824), See also:

• FABIAN [FABIANUS], SAINT (d. 250)

Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (1819-1820) and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Wilkes (1839) who made a detailed survey of the islands . As a result almost all the islands See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear alternative names . The See also:

• DATES

dates given are those of first discovery . In the north-west part of the chain are Rangiroa (Vliegen, Deans or Nairsa, this part of the group bearing the name of the Palliser Islands); Fakarava (Witgenstein, 1819), the seat of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French-See also:

• RESIDENT

resident; Anaa (Chain, 1769), Makemo (Makima, See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips, See also:

• KUTUSOV [GoLENISHCHEV-KUTUSOV], MIKHAIL LARIONOVICH, PRINCE OF SMOLENSK (1745-1813)

Kutusov, 1803), Hau (Hao, See also:

• HARP (Fr. harpe; Ger. Harfe; Ital. arpa)

Harp, See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

Bow, 1768) .

North and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of these are Manihi (Oahe, Waterlandt, 1616), Tikei (Romanzov, 1815), the Disappointment group (1765) of which Napuka is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief island, Pukapuka (Henuake, Honden, See also:

• DOG

Dog, 1616), Raroia (See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay de TolIy, 1820), Angatau (Ahangatu, Arakchev, 1820), Akahaina (Fakaina, Predpriatie, 1824), Tatakoto (See also:

• NARCISSUS

Narcissus, See also:

• EGMONT (EGMOND), LAMORAL, COUNT OF
• EGMONT, EARLS OF

Egmont, See also:

• CLERKE, AGNES MARY (1842-1907)

Clerke, 1774), Pukaruha (Serle, 1797) . In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the archipelago are Hereheretui (Bligh, Santablo, 1606), the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke of See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester group (.1767), Tematangi (Bligh Lagoon, 1792), Maruroa (Braburgh, See also:

• MATILDA (1046-1115)
• MATILDA (1102-1164)

Matilda, 1767), the See also:

• ACTAEON

Actaeon Cr See also:

• AMPHITRITE

Amphitrite group (discovered by the Tahitian trading See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel "Amphitrite" in 1833), Marutea (See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

Hood, 1791), and the See also:

• GAMBIER
• GAMBIER, JAMES GAMBIER, BARON (1756-1833)

Gambier or Mangareva group (1797), of which Mangareva (Gambier, Peard) is the chief member . To the south again are: See also:

• PITCAIRN

Pitcairn (q.v.), Ducie, and a few other islets, which are See also:

• BRITISH

British and do not properly belong to the See also:

• PAUMOTU, TUAMOTU

Paumotu Archipelago . The Gambier Islands are a cluster of four larger and many smaller volcanic islets, enclosed in one wide See also:

• REEF (1)

reef . The wooded crags of Mangareva, the largest islet, 5 m. in length, rise to a height of 1315 ft. and are covered with a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich vegetation, quite Tahitian in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; but, as in the other Paumotus, there is a dearth of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• LIFE

life . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the islands is healthy, and they have a See also:

• LOWER

lower mean temperature than See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti . The easterly See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade winds prevail . See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain and fogs occur even during the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season . The stormy season lasts from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, when devastating hurricanes are not uncommon and a south-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly swell renders the western shores dangerous . See also:

• PLANTS

Plants and animals are scantily represented . Coco-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut palms and the pandanus thrive on many of the islets, and the See also:

• BREAD

bread-See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, See also:

• BANANA

banana, See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple, See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• MELON (Late Lat. melo, shortened form of Gr. p XoaEawv, a kind of gourd; µijXov, apple, and a- brow, ripe)

melon and See also:

• YAM

yam have been introduced from Tahiti into the western islands . Mammals are represented by a few rats; among See also:

• LAND

land-birds parakeets, thrushes and doves are noticeable; and of See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles there are only lizards .

See also:

• INSECTS

Insects are scarce . But the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and lagoons teem with turtle, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, molluscs, crustaceans and zoophytes . Coral is luxuriant everywhere . From the abundance of See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl oysters the archipelago gets its traders' name of Pearl Islands . The Paumotus are sparsely inhabited by a See also:

• FINE

fine strong See also:

• RACE

race of Polynesians, more See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular and mostly darker-skinned than that inhabiting Tahiti . In the west considerable intermixture with other races has taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . In physique, See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and customs the Gambier Islanders closely resemble the Rarotongans . The pearl See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries in the rocky and surf See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are a source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue, the pearls being sold in Tahiti . The best See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour of the group is that of Fakarava, which, together with Mangareva, is open to trade . The land See also:

• AREA

area of the entire group is about 330 sq. m., and the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population is about 6000 . The group passed under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of France in 1844, and was annexed in 1881, forming part of the dependency of Tahiti .