See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

ROBERT See also:

• EDWIN, AEDUINI
• EDWIN, JOHN (1749–1790)

EDWIN See also:

• ROBERT EDWIN PEARY (1856- )

PEARY (1856- )  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic explorer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Cresson, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, on the 6th of May 1856 . He graduated at See also:

• BOWDOIN, JAMES (1726—1790)

Bowdoin See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College in 1877, and in 1881 became a See also:

• CIVIL

civil engineer in the U.S. See also:

• NAVY

navy with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant . In 1884 he was appointed assistant-engineer in connexion with the surveys for the See also:

• NICARAGUA

Nicaragua See also:

• SHIP

Ship See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

Canal, and in 1887-1888 he was in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of these surveys . In 1886 he obtained leave of See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence for a summer excursion to Disco See also:

• BAY

Bay on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland . From this point he made a See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of nearly a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles into the interior, and the experience impressed him with the practicability of using this so-called inland See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-cap as a See also:

• HIGHWAY

highway for exploration . In 1891 he organized an expedition under the auspices of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Natural Sciences of See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia . The party of seven included Lieut . See also:

• PEARY, ROBERT EDWIN (1856- )

Peary's wife, the first See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white woman to accompany an Arctic expedition . After wintering in See also:

• INGLEFIELD, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (182o—1894)

Inglefield Gulf on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-west coast of Greenland, in the following See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring Lieut . Peary, with a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian, Eivind Astrup, crossed the inland ice-cap along its See also:

• NORTHERN

northern limit to the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of Greenland and back . The See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical result of this journey was to establish the insularity of Greenland . Valuable See also:

• WORK

work was also performed by the expedition in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close study which was made of the isolated tribe of the Cape See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York or See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound Eskimos, the most northerly See also:

• PEOPLE

people in the See also:

• WORLD

world.' Lieut .

Peary was able to See also:

• FIT

fit out another Arctic expedition in 1893, and was again accompanied by Mrs Peary, who gave See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth to a daughter at the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter quarters in Inglefield Gulf . The expedition returned in the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of 1894, leaving Peary with his coloured servant Henson and Mr See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh G . See also:

• LEE
• LEE (or LEGIT) ROWLAND (d. 1543)
• LEE, ANN (1736–1784)
• LEE, ARTHUR (1740–1792)
• LEE, FITZHUGH (1835–1905)
• LEE, GEORGE ALEXANDER (1802-1851)
• LEE, HENRY (1756-1818)
• LEE, JAMES PRINCE (1804-1869)
• LEE, NATHANIEL (c. 1653-16g2)
• LEE, RICHARD HENRY (1732-1794)
• LEE, ROBERT EDWARD (1807–1870)
• LEE, SIDNEY (1859– )
• LEE, SOPHIA (1950-1824)
• LEE, STEPHEN DILL (1833-1908)

Lee to renew the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to See also:

• CROSS

cross the inland ice in the next See also:

• YEAR

year . This they succeeded in doing, but without being able to carry the work of exploration any farther on the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of Greenland . During a summer excursion to See also:

• MELVILLE, ANDREW (1545-1622)
• MELVILLE, ARTHUR (1858-1904)
• MELVILLE, JAMES (1556-1614)
• MELVILLE, SIR JAMES (1535-1617)

Melville Bay in 1894, Peary discovered three large meteorites, which supplied the Eskimos with the material for their See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron implements, as reported by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross in 1818, and on his return in 1895 he brought the two smaller ones with him . The remaining See also:

• METEORITE

meteorite was brought to New York in 1897 . In 1898 Lieut . Peary published Northward over the See also:

• GREAT

Great Ice, a See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of all his expeditions up to that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and in the same year he started ' A narrative of the expedition written by Mrs Peary, and containing an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the " Great White Journey across Greenland," by her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, was published under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of My Arctic See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal.on another expedition to the Arctic regions . In this and subsequent expeditions he received See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial aid from Mr See also:

• MORRIS
• MORRIS [MORRISON], CLARA (1849– )
• MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR (1752–1816)
• MORRIS, JOHN (1810-1886)
• MORRIS, RICHARD (1833–1894)
• MORRIS, ROBERT (1734–1806)
• MORRIS, SIR LEWIS (1833–1907)
• MORRIS, WILLIAM (1834-1896)

Morris See also:

• JESUP, MORRIS KETCHUM (1830-1908)

Jesup and the Peary Arctic See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club . The greatest forethought was bestowed upon the organization of the expedition, a four-years' See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme being laid down at the outset and a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• RELIEF

relief expeditions provided for . A distinctive feature was the utilization of a See also:

• COMPANY

company of Eskimos . Although unsuccessful as regards the North See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

Pole, the expedition achieved the accurate survey (1900) of the northern limit of the Greenland See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent and the demonstration that beyond it See also:

• LAY

lay a Polar ocean .

In 1902 Peary with Henson and an See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo advanced as far north as See also:

• LAT

lat . 84° 17' 27", the highest point then reached in the western hemisphere . Lieut . Peary had now been promoted to the rank of See also:

• COMMANDER

Commander, and on his return he was elected See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the American Geographical Society . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1903 he went to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England on a See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission to inquire into the system of naval See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, and was presented with the See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

Medal of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society . Commander Peary then began preparations for another expedition by' the construction of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special ship, named the " See also:

• ROOSEVELT, THEODORE (1858— )

Roosevelt," the first ever built in the See also:

• UNITED

United States for the purpose of Arctic exploration . He sailed from New York on the 16th of See also:

• JULY

July 1905, having two years' supplies on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board . The " Roosevelt " wintered on the north coast of See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant See also:

• LAND

Land, and on the 21st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February a start was made with sledges . The party experienced serious delay owing to open See also:

• WATER

water between 84° and 85°, and farther north the ice was opened up during a six days' See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

gale, which cut off communications and destroyed the depots which had been established . A steady easterly See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift was experienced . But on the 21st of See also:

• APRIL

April, 1906, 87°6' was reached—the "farthest north " attained by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man—by which time Peary and his companions were suffering severe privations, and had to make the return journey in the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of great difficulties . They reached the north coast of Greenland and subsequently rejoined the ship, from which, after a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week's See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, Peary made a sledge journey along the north coast of Grant Land .

Returning See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, the expedition reached See also:

• HEBRON (mod. Khulzl er-Rahman, i.e. " the friend of the Merciful One "—an allusion to Abraham)

Hebron, Labrador, on the 13th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, the " Roosevelt " having been nearly wrecked en route . In 1907 the narrative of this journey, Nearest the Pole, was published . In 1908 Peary started in the " Roosevelt " on the journey which was to bring him his final success . He See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• ETAH

Etah on the 18th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August, wintered in Grant Land, and set forward over the ice from Cape See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia on the 1st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1909 . A party of six started with him, and moved in sections, one in front of another . They were gradually sent back as supplies diminished . At the end of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• BARTLETT, JOHN (1820-1905)
• BARTLETT, JOHN RUSSELL (18o5-1886)
• BARTLETT, PAUL WAYLAND (18654 )

Bartlett was the only white man left with Peary, and he turned back in 87° 48' N., the highest See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude then ever reached . Peary, with his See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro servant and four Eskimos, pushed on, and on the 6th of April 1909 reached the North Pole . They remained some See also:

• THIRTY

thirty See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, took observations, and on See also:

• SOUNDING (for derivation see SOUND above)

sounding, a few miles from the pole, found no bottom at 1500 fathoms . The party, with the exception of one drowned, returned safely to the " Roosevelt," which left her winter quarters on the 18th of July and reached See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

Harbour on the 5th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . Peary's The North Pole: Its See also:

• DISCOVERY

Discovery in 1909 was published in 1910 . Just before the See also:

• NEWS

news came of Peary's success another American explorer, Dr F .

A . See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook (b . 1865), returning from Greenland to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe on a Danish ship, claimed that he had reached the North Pole on the 21st of April 1908 . He had accompanied an expedition northward in 1907, prepared to attempt to reach the Pole if opportunity offered, and according to his own See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story had done so, leaving his party and taking only some Eskimos, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1908 . Nothing had been heard of him since March of that year, and it was supposed that he had perished . Cook's claim to have forestalled Peary was at first credited in various circles, and he was given a rapturous reception at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen; but scientific See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion in England and See also:

• AMERICA

America was more reserved, and eventually, after a prolonged dispute, a special See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of the university of Copenhagen, to whom his documents were submitted, declared that they contained no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that he had reached the Pole . By that time most other people had come to an adverse conclusion and the sensation was over .