See also:

• PELAGIUS
• PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)

PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)  , See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• BRITISH

British theologian, Of the origin of See also:

• PELAGIUS
• PELAGIUS (c. 360- c. 420)

Pelagius almost nothing is known . The name is supposed to be a graecized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the Cymric See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan (See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-begotten) . His contemporaries understood that he was of British (probably of Irish) See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth,and gave him the appellation Brio . He was a large ponderous See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, heavy both in See also:

• BODY

body and mind (See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, "stolidissimus et Scotorum pultibus praegravatus ") . He was influenced by the monastic See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm which had been kindled in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul by See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius (336), and which, through the See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours (361), rapidly communicated itself to the Britons and Scots . For, though Pelagius remained a layman throughout his See also:

• LIFE

life, and though he never appears in any strict connexion with a coenobite fraternity, he yet adhered to monastic discipline ("veluti monachus "), and distinguished himself by his purity of life and exceptional sanctity (" egregie Christianus ") . He seems to have been one of the earliest, if not the very earliest, of that remarkable See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of men who issued from the monasteries of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and carried back to the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent in a purified form the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion they had received from it . Coming to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in the beginning of the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (his earliest known See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing is of date 405), he found a scandalously See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of morality prevalent . But his remonstrances were met by the plea of human weakness . To remove this plea by exhibiting the actual See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of human nature became his first See also:

• OBJECT

object . It seemed to him that the Augustinian See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• TOTAL

total depravity and of the consequent bondage of the will both cut the See also:

• SINEW (O. Eng. sinu, sionu, cf. Dutch zenuw, Ger. Sehne, possibly allied to Skt. snava, tendon, cf. Ger. Schnur, string)

sinew of all human effort and threw upon See also:

• GOD

God the blame which really belonged to See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . His favourite See also:

• MAXIM, SIR HIRAM STEVENS (184o- )

maxim was, " If I ought, I can." The views of Pelagius did not originate in a conscious reaction against the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the Augustinian See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, although each of these systems was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed into its ultimate form by the opposition of the other .

Neither must too much See also:

• WEIGHT

weight be allowed to the circumstance that Pelagius was a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk, for he was unquestionably alive to the delusive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of much that passed for monkish sanctity . Yet possibly his monastic training may have led him to look more at conduct than at character, and to believe that holiness could be arrived at by rigour of discipline . This view of things suited his See also:

• MATTER

matter-of-fact temperament . Judging from the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of his writings, his religious development had been equable and peaceful, not marked by the prolonged See also:

• MENTAL

mental conflict, or the abrupt transitions, which characterized the experience of his See also:

• GREAT

great opponent . With no great penetration he saw very clearly the thing before him, and many of his See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical counsels are marked by sagacity, and are expressed with the succinctness of a See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb (" corpus non frangendum, sed regendum est ") . His interests were primarily ethical; hence his insistence on the freedom of the will and his See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation of the See also:

• ACTION

action of divine See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace . The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar tenets of Pelagius, though indicated in the commentaries which he published at Rome previous to 409, might not so speedily have attracted See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention had they not been adopted by Coelestius, a much younger and bolder man than his teacher . Coelestius, probably an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, had been trained as a lawyer, but abandoned his profession for an ascetic life . When Rome was sacked by the Goths (410) the two See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends crossed to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . There Pelagius once or twice met with See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, but very shortly sailed for See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, where he justly expected that his opinions would be more cordially received . Coelestius remained in See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage with the view of receiving ordination . But Aurelius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Carthage, being warnedagainst him, summoned a See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod, at which See also:

• PAULINUS (d. 644)
• PAULINUS, GAIUS SUETONIUS (1st century A.D.)

Paulinus, a See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, charged Coelestius with holding the following six errors: (1) that See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam would have died even if he had not sinned; (2) that the See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin of Adam injured himself alone, not the human See also:

• RACE

race; (3) that new-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children are in the same See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in which Adam was before the fall; (4) that the whole human race does not See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die because of Adam's See also:

• DEATH

death or sin, nor will the race rise again because of the resurrection of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ; (5) that the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law gives entrance to See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven as well as the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel; (6) that even before the coming of Christ there were men who were entirely without sin .

To these propositions a seventh is sometimes added, " that infants, though unbaptized, have eternal life," a corollary from the. third . Coelestius did not deny that he held these opinions, but he maintained that they were open questions, on which the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church had never pronounced . The synod, notwithstanding, condemned and excommunicated him . Coelestius, after a futile See also:

• APPEAL

appeal to Rome, went to See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus, and there received ordination . In Palestine Pelagius lived unmolested and revered, until in 415 See also:

• OROSIUS, PAULUS (fl. 415)

Orosius, a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest, came from Augustine, who in the meantime had written his De peccatorum meritis, to warn Jerome against him . The result was that in See also:

• JUNE

June of that See also:

• YEAR

year Pelagius was cited by Jerome before See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, bishop of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, and charged with holding that man may be without sin, if only he desires it . This See also:

• PROSECUTION

prosecution See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down, and in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December of the same year Pelagius was summoned before a synod of fourteen bishops at Diospolis (Lydda) . The prosecutors on this occasion were two deposed Gallican bishops, Heros of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles and See also:

• LAZARUS (a contracted form of the Heb. name Eleazar, " God has helped," Gr. Aiq-apos)
• LAZARUS, EMMA (1849–1887)
• LAZARUS, HENRY (1815–1895)
• LAZARUS, MORITZ (1824–1903)
• LAZARUS, ST, ORDER OF

Lazarus of See also:

• AIX

Aix, but on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the illness of one of them neither could appear . The proceedings, being conducted in various See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and by means of interpreters, lacked certainty, and justified Jerome's application to the synod of the epithet " miserable." But there is no doubt that Pelagius repudiated the assertion of Coelestius, that " the divine grace and help is not granted to individual acts, but consists in See also:

• FREE

free will, and in the giving of the law and instruction." At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he affirmed that a man is able, if he likes, to live without sin and keep the commandments of God, inasmuch as God gives him this ability . The synod was satisfied with these statements, and pronounced Pelagius to be in agreement with See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic teaching . Pelagius naturally plumed himself on his acquittal, and provoked Augustine to give a detailed account of the synod, in which he shows that the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language used by Pelagius was ambiguous, but that, being interpreted by his previous written statements, it involved a denial of what the Church understood by grace and by man's dependence on it . The See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICAN

African Church as a whole resented the decisions of Diospolis, and in 416 sent up from their synods of Carthage and Mileve (in See also:

• NUMIDIA

Numidia) an appeal to See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent, bishop of Rome, who, flattered by the See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute thus paid to the see of Rome, decided the question in favour of the African synods .

And, though his successor See also:

• ZOSIMUS

Zosimus wavered for some time, he at length See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with what he saw to be the general mind of both the ecclesiastical and the See also:

• CIVIL

civil powers . For, simultaneously with the largely attended African synod which finally condemned Pelagianism in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, an imperial See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict was issued at See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna by See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius on the 3oth of See also:

• APRIL

April 418, peremptorily determining the theological question and enacting that not only Pelagius and Coelestius but all who accepted their opinions should suffer See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of goods and irrevocable banishment . Thus prompted, Zosimus See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a circular inviting all the bishops of Christendom to subscribe a condemnation of Pelagian opinions . Nineteen Italian bishops refused, among them See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian of Eclanum in See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia, a man of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good birth, approved sanctity and great capacity, who now became the recognized See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement . But not even his acuteness and zeal could redeem a cause which was rendered hopeless when the Eastern Church (Ephesus, 431) confirmed the decision of the West . Pelagius himself disappears after 420; Coelestius was at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople seeking the aid of See also:

• NESTORIUS (d. c. 451)

Nestorius in 428 . Pelagianism.—The See also:

• SYSTEM

system of Pelagius is a consistent whole, each See also:

• PART

part involving the existence of every other . Starting from the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that " ability limits See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation," and resolved that men should feel their responsibility, he insisted that man is able to do all that God commands, and that there is, and can be, no sin where the will is not absolutely free—able to choose good or evil . The favourite Pelagian See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula, " Si necessitatis est, peccatum non est; si voluntatis, vitati potest," had an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of finality which imposed on superficial minds . The theory of the will involved in this fundamental See also:

• AXIOM (Gr. &iwµa)

axiom of Pelagianism is that which is commonly known as the " See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of indifference," or " See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of contrary choice "—a theory which affirms the freedom of the will, not in the sense that the individual is self-determined, but in the sense that in each volition and at each moment of life, no matter what the previous career of the individual has been, the will is in equipoise, able to choose good or evil . We are born characterless (non pleni), and with no See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias towards good or evil (ut sine virtute, ita et sine vitio) . It follows that we are uninjured by the sin of Adam, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in so far as the evil example of our predecessors misleads and influences us (non propagine sed exemplo) .

There is, in fact, no such thing as See also:

• ORIGINAL

original sin, sin being a thing of will and not of nature; for if it could be of nature our sin would be chargeable on God the creator . This will, capable of good as of evil, being the natural endowment of man, is found in the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen as well as in the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, and the heathen may therefore perfectly keep such law as they know . But, if all men have this natural ability to do and to be all that is required for perfect righteousness, what becomes of grace, of the aid of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit, and, in a word, of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity ? Pelagius vacillates considerably in his use of the word " grace." Sometimes he makes it See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to natural endowment . Indeed one of his most careful statements is to this effect: " We distinguish three things—the ability, the will, the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act (posse, velle, ease) . The ability is in nature, and must be referred to God, who has bestowed this on His creature; the other two, the will and the act, must be referred to man, because they flow from the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain of free will " (Aug., De gr . Christi, ch . 4) . But at other times he admits a much wider range to grace, so as to make Augustine doubt whether his meaning is not, after all, orthodox . But, when he speaks of grace " sanctifying," " assisting," and so forth, it is only that man may " more easily " accomplish what he could with more difficulty accomplish without grace . A decisive passage occurs in the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter he sent to the see of Rome along with his Confessio fidei: " We maintain that free will exists generally in all mankind, in Christians, See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and Gentiles; they have all equally received it by nature, but in Christians only is it assisted by grace . In others this good of their original creation is naked and unarmed .

They shall be judged and condemned because, though possessed of free will, by which they might come to the faith and merit the grace of God, they make an See also:

• ILL

ill use of their freedom; while Christians shall be rewarded because, by using their free will aright, they merit the grace of the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord and keep His commandments " (ibid. chs . 33, 34) . Pelagius allowed to grace everything but the initial determining movement towards salvation . He ascribed to the unassisted human will power to accept and use the proffered salvation of Christ . It was at this point his departure from the Catholic creed could be made apparent: Pelagius maintains, expressly and by implication, that it is the human will which takes the initiative, and is the determining See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the salvation of the individual; while the Church maintains that it is the divine will that takes the initiative by renewing and enabling the human will to accept and use the aid or grace offered . Semipelagianism.—It was easy for Augustine to show that this was an " impia opinio "; it was easy for him to expose the defective character of a theory of the will which implied that God was not holy because He is necessarily holy; it was easy for him to show that the positions of Pelagius were See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Scriptural (see AUGUSTINE) ; but, though his arguments prevailed, they did not wholly convince, and the rise of Semipelagianism—an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to hold a See also:

• MIDDLE

middle course between the harshness of Augustinianism and the obvious errors of Pelagianism—is full of significance . This See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest and conciliatory movement discovered itself simultaneously in North Africa and in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Gaul . In the former Church, which naturally desired to adhere to the views of its own great theologian, the monks of Adrumetum found themselves either sunk to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of despair or provoked to licentiousness by his predestinarian teaching . When this was reported to Augustine he wrote two elaborate See also:

• TREATISES

treatises to show that when God ordains the end He also ordains the means, and if any man is ordained to life eternal he is thereby ordained to holiness and zealous effort . But meanwhile some of the monks themselves had struck out a via See also:

• MEDIA

media which ascribed to God See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign grace and yet See also:

• LEFT

left intact man's responsibility . A similar See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was adopted by Cassian of See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles (hence Semipelagians are often spoken of as Massilians), and was afterwards ably advocated by See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent of Lerins and Faustus of Rhegium . These writers, in opposition to Pelagius, maintained that man was damaged by the fall, and seemed indeed disposed to See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase a certificate of orthodoxy by the abusive epithets they heaped upon Pelagians (ranae, muscae moriturae, &c.) .

The differentia of Semipelagianism is the tenet that in regeneration, and all that results from it, the divine and the human will are co-operating (synergistic) coefficient factors . After finding considerable See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, this theory was ultimately condemned, because it retained the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root-principle of Pelagianism—that man has some ability to will good and that the beginning of salvation may be with man . The See also:

• COUNCILS

Councils of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange and See also:

• VALENCE

Valence(529), however, which condemned Semipelagianism, did so with the significant restriction that See also:

• PREDESTINATION (from Late Lat. praedestinare, to deter-mine beforehand; from the root sta, as in stare, stand)

predestination to evil was not to be taught—a restriction so agreeable to the general feeling of the Church that, three centuries after, See also:

• GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS, GOTTESCALE], (c. 808-867?)

Gottschalk was sentenced to be degraded from the priesthood, scourged and imprisoned for teaching reprobation . The questions raised by Pelagius continually recur, but, without tracing the strife as sustained by Thomists and Jansenists on the one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits and Arminians on the other, this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article can only indicate the general bearing of the controversy on society and the Church . The See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology of Pelagius was essentially naturalistic . It threatened to supersede grace by nature, to deny all immediate divine influence, and so to make Christianity practically useless . Pelagius himself did not carry his See also:

• RATIONALISM (from Lat. rationalis, pertaining to reason, ratio)

rationalism through to its issues; but the logical consequence of his system was, as Augustine perceived, the denial of the See also:

• ATONEMENT

atonement and other central truths of revealed religion . And, while the Pelagians never existed as a See also:

• SECT

sect See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from the Church Catholic, yet wherever rationalism has infected any part of the Church there Pelagianism has sooner or later appeared; and the See also:

• TERM

term " Pelagian " has been continued to denote views which minimize the effects of the fall and unduly magnify man's natural ability . These views and tendencies have appeared in theologies which are not in other respects rationalistic, as, e.g. in Arminianism; and their presence in such theologies is explained by the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to remove everything which might seem to discourage human effort . It is not easy to determine how far the vices which See also:

• ATE

ate so deeply into the life of the Church of the middle ages were due to the sharpness with which some of the severer features of the Augustinian theology were defined during the Pelagian controversy . The pernicious belief in the magical efficacy of the sacraments and the consequent defective ethical power of religion, the superstitious eagerness to accept the Church's creed without examining or really believing it, the falsity and See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty engendered and propagated by the idea that in the Church's cause all weapons were justifiable, these vices were undoubtedly due to the belief that the visible church was the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole divinely-appointed repository of grace . And the sharply accentuated tone in which Augustinianism affirmed man's inability quickened the craving for that grace or See also:

• DIRECT

direct agency of God upon the soul which the Church declared to be needful and administered through her divinely appointed persons and sacraments, and thus brought a decided impulse to the development of the sacerdotal system .

Again, although it may fairly be doubted whether, as See also:

• BAUR, FERDINAND CHRISTIAN (1792-1860)

Baur supposes, Augustine was permanently tainted with the Manichaean notion of the inherent evil of matter, it can scarcely be questioned that his views on See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage as elicited by the Pelagian controversy gave a considerable impulse to the already prevalent idea of the superiority of virginity . When the Pelagians declared that Augustine's theory of original sin discredited marriage by the implication that even the children of the regenerate were born in sin, he could only reply (De nuptiis et concupiscentia) that marriage now cannot partake of the spotless purity of the marriage of unfallen man, and that, though what is evil in concupiscence is made a good use of in marriage, it is still a thing to be ashamed of—not only with the shame of natural modesty (which he does not take into account) but with the shame of See also:

• GUILT

guilt . So that, even although he is careful to point out the advantages of marriage, an indelible stigma is still left even on the lawful procreation of children . " The Pelagians deserve respect," says See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack, " for their purity of See also:

• MOTIVE (from Lat. movere, to move)

motive, their horror of the Manichaean See also:

• LEAVEN (in Mid. Eng. levain, adapted from Fr. levain, in same sense, from Lat. levamen, which is only found in the sense of alleviation, comfort, levare, to lift up)

leaven and the See also:

• OPUS ('O7rois)

opus operatum, their insistence on clearness, and their intention to defend the Deity . But we cannot but decide that their doctrine fails to recognize the misery of sin and evil, that in its deepest roots it is godless, that it knows, and seeks to know, nothing of redemption and that it is dominated by an empty formalism (a notional See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology), which does See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice at no single point to actual quantities, and on a closer examination consists of sheer contradictions . In the form in which this doctrine was expressed by Pelagius—and in fact also by Julian—i.e. with all the accommodations to which he condescended, it was not a novelty . But in its fundamental thought it was; or rather, it was an innovation because it abandoned in spite of all accommodations in expression, the See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole of the mystical doctrine of redemption, which the Church had steadfastly maintained side by side with the doctrine of freedom." In the Pelagian controversy some of the fundamental See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between the Eastern and Western theologies appear . The former laid stress on " the supernatural character of Christianity as a fact in the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective See also:

• WORLD

world " and developed the doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation; the Western emphasized " the supernatural character of Christianity as an agency in the subjective world " and developed the doctrines of sin and grace . All the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek fathers from See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen to Chrysostum had been jealous for human freedom and loath to make sin a natural power, though of course admitting a general See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of sinfulness . The early British monasteries had been connected with the Orient . Pelagius was See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the Greek language and theology, and when he came to Rome he was much in the See also:

• COMPANY

company of See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus and his circle who were endeavouring to propagate Greek theology in the Latin Church . fidei ad Innocentium and Epistola ad Demetriadem are preserved in Jerome's See also:

• WORKS

works (vol. v. of Martiani's ed., vol. xi. of Vallarsi's) .

The last-named was also published separately by See also:

• SEMLER, JOHANN SALOMO (1725-179I)

Semler (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1775) . There are of course many citations in the Anti-Pelagian Treatises of Augustine . On the Commentaries see See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Theol . Studies, vii . 568, viii . 526; an edition is being prepared for the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Texts and Studies by A . Souter . See also F . Wiggers, Darstellung See also:

• DES

des Augustinismus and Pelagianismus (2 vols., See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1831–1832 ; Eng. trans. of vol. i., by R . See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson, See also:

• ANDOVER

Andover, 1840); J . L . See also:

• JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819)
• JACOBI, JOHANN GEORG (1740-1814)
• JACOBI, KARL GUSTAV JACOB (1804-1851)

Jacobi, Die Lehre d .

Pelagius (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1842); F . Klasen, Die innere Entwickelung des Pelagianismus (See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, 1882); B . B . AVarfield, Two Studies in the See also:

• HISTORY

History of Doctrine (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1893) ; A . Harnack, History of See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

Dogma, Eng. trans., v . 168–202; F . Loofs, Dogmengeschischte and See also:

• ART

art. in Hauck-See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog's Realencyklo. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur prat . Theologie u . Kirche (end of vol. xv.), where a full bibliography is given . (M .