See also:

• PENANG (Pulau Pinang, i.e. Areca-nut Island),

PENANG (Pulau Pinang, i.e. Areca-See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island),  ,the See also:

• TOWN

town and See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island which, after See also:

• SINGAPORE (Malay, Singapiira, i.e. " The City of the Lion")

Singapore, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the most important portion of the See also:

• CROWN

crown See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of the Straits Settlements . The island is situated in 5° 24' N. and See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo° 21' E., and distant about 2z m. from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula . The island is about 15i- m. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long by 101 m. wide at its broadest point . Its See also:

• AREA

area is something over Io7 sq. m . The town, which is built on a promontory at a point nearest to the mainland, is largely occupied by See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese and See also:

• TAMILS

Tamils, though the See also:

• MALAYS

Malays are also well represented: Behind the town, See also:

• PENANG (Pulau Pinang, i.e. Areca-nut Island),

Penang See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill rises to a height of some 2700 ft., and upon it are built several See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government and private bungalows . The town possesses a See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club, a racecourse, and See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• GOLF (in its older forms GOFF, GOUFF or GOWFF, the last of which gives the genuine old pronunciation)

golf links . Coco-nuts are grown in considerable quantities along the seashore, and See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice is cultivated at Balek Pulau and in the interior, but the See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle still spreads over wide areas . Penang has an excellent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, but has suffered from its proximity to Singapore . There are a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic church in the town, and a training See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college under the Roman Catholic missionaries of the Societe See also:

• DES

des See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

Missions Etrangeres at Pulau Tikus, a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles outside the town . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—Since 1867 Penang has been under the administrative See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident councillor who is responsible to the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the Straits . He is aided in his duties by See also:

• OFFICERS

officers of the Straits See also:

• CIVIL

Civil Service . Two unofficial members of the legislative See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of the colony, which holds its sittings in Singapore, are nominated by the governor, with the See also:

• SANCTION (Lat. sanctia, from sancire, to decree or ordain)

sanction of the secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the colonies, to represent Penang .

Their See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office is for five years . The See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official name of the island is See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales Island and that of the town is See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George-town; neither of these names, however, is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . Among the Malays Penang is usually spoken of as Tanjong or " The Cape," on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the promontory upon which the town is situated . The town is administered by a municipal council composed of ex officio, nominated, and elected members . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Penang at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1901 was 128,830, of whom 85,070 were See also:

• MALES

males (69,210 over and 15,86o under 15 years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age), and 43,760 were See also:

• FEMALES

females (28,725 over and 15,035 under 15 years of age) . The population was composed of 71,462 Chinese, 34,286 Malays, 18,740 Tamils and other natives of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, 1649 Eurasians, 993 Europeans and Americans, and 1699 persons of other nationalities . As in other parts of the Straits Settlements the men are far more numerous than the See also:

• WOMEN

women . The See also:

• TOTAL

total population of the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Penang, which includes not only the island but See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province See also:

• WELLESLEY
• WELLESLEY, RICHARD COLLEY WESLEY (or WELLESLEY)

Wellesley and the Dindings, was 248,207 in Igor . See also:

• SHIPPING

Shipping.—The number of See also:

• SHIPS

ships which entered and See also:

• LEFT

left the See also:

• PORT

port of Penang during 1906 was 2324 with an aggregate See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage of 2,868,459 . Of these 1802 were See also:

• BRITISH

British with an aggregate tonnage of 1,966,286 . These figures reveal a considerable falling-off during the past See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade, the number of vessels entering and leaving the port in 1898 being 5114 with an aggregate tonnage of 3,761,094 . This is mainly due to the construction of the railway which runs from a point on the mainland opposite to Penang, through the Federated Malay States of See also:

• PERAK

Perak, See also:

• SELANGOR

Selangor and the See also:

• NEGRI, ADA (187o– )

Negri Sembilan to Malacca, and has diverted to other ports and eventually to Singapore much of the coastal See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic which formerly visited Penang .

See also:

• FINANCE

Finance and See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

Trade.—The See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue of Penang, that is to say, not only of the island but of the entire settlement, amounted in 1906 to $6,031,917, of which $`2,014,033 was derived from the revenue farms for the collection of import duties on See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits; $160,047 from postal revenue; $119,585 from See also:

• LAND

land revenue; $129,151 from stamps . The See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure for 1906 amounted to $5,072,406, of which $836,097 was spent on administrative establishments, $301,252 on the upkeep of existing public See also:

• WORKS

works; $415,175 on the construction of works and buildings, and of new roads, streets, See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, &c . The imports in 1906 were valued at $94,546,112; the exports at $90,709,225 . Of the imports $57,880,889 See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth came from the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom or from British possessions or protectorates; $23,937,737 worth came from See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign countries; and $3,906,241 from the Dindings, Malacca and Singapore . Of the exports, $23,122,947 went to the United Kingdom, or to British possessions or protectorates; $37,671,033 went to foreign countries; and $2,754,238 went to the Dindings, Malacca or Singapore . See also:

• HISTORY

History—Penang was founded on the 17th of See also:

• JULY

July 1786, having been ceded to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India See also:

• COMPANY

Company by the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan of Kedah in 1785 by an agreement with See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain See also:

• LIGHT

Light, for an See also:

• ANNUITY (from Lat. annus, a year)

annuity of $10,000 for eight years . In 1791 the See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy was changed to $600c, in See also:

• PERPETUITY (Lat. perpetuus, continuous)

perpetuity; for some years later this was raised to $ro,000, and is still annually paid . This final addition was made when Province Wellesley was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by the East India Company for $2000 in 1798 . At the time of the cession Penang was almost uninhabited . In 1796 it was made a penal settlement, and 700 convicts were transferred thither from the Andaman Islands . In 1805 Penang was made a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency, ranking with Bombay and See also:

• MADRAS

Madras; and when in 1826 Singapore and Malacca were incorporated with it, Penang continued to be the seat of government . In 1829 Penang was reduced from the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of a presidency, and eight years later the town of Singapore was made the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the Settlements .

In 1867 the Straits Settlements were created a Crown colony, in which Penang was included . See Straits Settlements See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• BOOK

Book r906 (Singapore, 1907); The Straits See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory (Singapore, 1907); See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank Swettenham, British Malaya (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1906) . (H .