PENNSYLVANIA  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America and one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original thirteen, lying for the most See also:

• PART

part between latitudes 390 43' 26.3" and 420 N. and between longitudes 74° 40' and 8o° 31' 36" W . The state is in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a rectangle, except in the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west where a triangular See also:

• PROJECTION

projection, extending to 42° 15' N. See also:

• LAT

lat., gives it a See also:

• SHORE

shore-See also:

• LINE

line of almost 40 M. on See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• ERIE

Erie, on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east where the See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware See also:

• RIVER

river with two large bends separates it from New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, and in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east where the arc of a circle which was described with a 12-m. See also:

• RADIUS

radius from New See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, Delaware, forms the boundary between it and Delaware . The See also:

• FORTY

forty-second parallel of N. See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude forms the boundary between it and New York on the N.; See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason and See also:

• DIXON
• DIXON, GEORGE (1755 ?–1800)
• DIXON, HENRY HALL (1822-1870)
• DIXON, RICHARD WATSON (1833-1900)
• DIXON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (1821-1879)

Dixon's line is the border between it and See also:

• MARYLAND

Maryland and West See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia on the south and a north and south line marks the boundary between it and West Virginia and See also:

• OHIO

Ohio on the west . The See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area is 45,126 sq. m. and of this 294 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Pennsylvania skirts the coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in the south-east below See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia, is traversed from north-east to south-west by the three divisions of the Appalachian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province—See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont or older Appalachian See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, younger Appalachian ridges and valleys and See also:

• ALLEGHANY, or THE ALLEGHANIES (a spelling now more common than Allegheny)

Alleghany See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau—and in the north-west corner is a small part of the Erie plain . The entire surface has a mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of about i roo ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . It rises from 20 ft. or less on the See also:

• BANK

bank of the Delaware between Philadelphia and See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester to 2000-3000 ft. on the higher ridges in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section (3136 ft. on See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Knob in See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county), and falls again to 900-1000 ft. on the Ohio border and to 750 ft. or less on the Erie plain; in the south-east is an area of about 6ioo sq. in. that is less than 500 ft. above the sea, while on the ridges in the middle of the state is an aggregate area of about 2000 sq. m. that everywhere exceeds 2000 ft. in elevation . The area below 500 ft. is mostly in the Triassic See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland of the Piedmont region, or, as the Pennsylvania portion of it is called, the south-east province . This is an undulating plain which has been produced by the wearing away of weak sandstones, &c . On the north and west See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of this plain are two parts of a See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of semi-detached and usually rounded hills, known as the South Mountains . The north-east part is a south-westward See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England uplands, is known as the See also:

• READING

Reading Prong, and extends from New Jersey through See also:

• EASTON

Easton to Reading . The south-west part is a north-eastern prolongation of the Virginia Piedmont, is known as the See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland Prong, and extends N.N.E. through the south part of Cumberland county .

In the Reading Prong most of the hills rise 900-1000 ft. above the sea and about one-See also:

• HALF

half that height above the surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country; in the Cumberland Prong their height increases to the southward until, on the Maryland border, they rise 2100 ft. above the sea and 1400 ft. above the adjoining plain . Another range of hills, known as the Trenton Prong, extends from the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern suburbs of Philadelphia both westward and southward through Chester, Delaware, See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster and York counties, but these rise only 400-600 ft. above the sea and have few steep slopes . Both of these ranges of hills are composed of hard crystalline rocks, and between them lies the lowland eroded on the weaker sandstones and sediments . In Bucks and See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery counties is a large See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone area; traversing Chester county is the narrow Chester Valley with a See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone bottom, and in Lancaster county is the most extensive limestone plain . The Pennsylvania portion of the younger Appalachian ridges and valleys, known as the central province of the state, embraces the region between the South Mountains, on the south-east, and the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the Alleghany plateau or Alleghany Front, on the north-west . It extends from south-west to north-east about 230 M. and has a nearly See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform width of 5o m. except that it narrows rapidly as it approaches the north-east corner of the state . The ridges and intervening valleys, See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long parts of which have an approximately parallel trend from south-west to north-east, were formed by the erosion of folded sediments of varying hardness, the weak belts of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock being etched out to form valleys and the hard belts remaining as See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ridges . After the folding the whole region was worn down nearly to sea-level, forming a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low plain which bevelled across the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure of the entire state, including the Piedmont area to the south-east and the plateau area to the north-west . Then came a broad uplift followed by the erosion which carved out the valleys, leaving hard rocks as mountain ridges which rise about to the level of the old erosion plain . In Bedford county and elsewhere the ridges rise to 2400 ft. or more above the sea, but their more usual height is 1400 to 2000 ft. above the sea and 500 to loon ft. above the intervening valleys . Their crest lines are often of nearly uniform height for See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles and generally are little broken except by an occasional V-shaped See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind See also:

• GAP

gap, a narrow water gap or a rounded knob . The valleys rarely exceed more than a few miles in width, are usually steep-sided, and frequently are traversed by See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal ranges of hills and See also:

• CROSS

cross ridges; but the Pennsylvania portion of the Appalachian or See also:

• GREAT

Great Valley, which forms a distinct See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the central province and lies between the South Mountains and the long rampart of Blue Mountain, is about to m. in width on the Maryland border and to the north-east its width increases to 20 M .

The north-west part of it is a See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate belt that has been much dissected by eroding streams, but the south-east part is a gently See also:

• ROLLING

rolling belt of limestone to which occasionally a steep See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill descends from the slate belt . The Pocono plateau, into which the central province merges at its north-east extremity, is a continuation of the See also:

• CATSKILL
• CATSKILL (formerly KAATSKIL.) MOUNTAINS

Catskill plateau southward from New York and covers See also:

• WAYNE, ANTHONY (1745-1796)

Wayne, See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

Pike and See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe counties and the east portion of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

Carbon county . Its surface is underlaid by a hard sandstone and See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate which See also:

• ERODE

erode slowly, and the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general upland level, which is 1400-1800 ft. above the sea, is little broken except by shallow valleys and occasional knobs . The Alleghany plateau, which extends from the crest of the Alleghany Front to and beyond the west and north borders of Pennsylvania and covers more than one-half of the state, is much more dissected . In Toga and See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

Potter counties on the north middle border, it rises 2400-2500 ft. above the sea, but from this height the general upland level falls gradually to 1200-1300 ft. in the south-west and 900-loon ft. along the Ohio border, and in Erie county there is a sudden fall of about 200 ft. to the Erie plain . In the northern, middle and south-west portions of this plateau province the upland is cut by an intricate network of narrow valleys and ravines that are commonly 300-600 ft. deep and occasionally 800-See also:

• I000

I000 ft. deep, but west of the See also:

• ALLEGHENY

Allegheny river, where harder rocks have resisted such deep See also:

• DISSECTION (from Lat. dissecare, to cut apart)

dissection and glacial See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift has filled depressions or smoothed rough surfaces, the uplands are broader and the valleys wider and shallower . Most of the Pennsylvania shore of Lake Erie is lined with a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay 50-100 ft. in height and along the See also:

• FOOT

foot of this is only a narrow See also:

• BEACH

beach, but in front of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Erie the shore currents have formed a See also:

• SPIT

spit, known as Presque Isle, which affords a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour . The Pocono plateau, nearly all of the central and south-east provinces and the north-east portion of the Alleghany plateau are drained by the Susquehanna and Delaware river-systems into the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays; the greater part of the Alleghany plateau is drained by the Allegheny and See also:

• MONONGAHELA

Monongahela See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers into the Ohio river; the extreme See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portion of the central province and the extreme western portion of the south-east province are drained by tributaries of the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac; the Erie plain is drained by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short streams into Lake Erie; and a very small section of the Alleghany plateau, in the northern part of Potter county, is drained by the Genesee river into Lake See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario . The Susquehanna drains about 21,000 sq. m. of the state ; the Ohio, Allegheny and Monongahela 14,747 sq. m.; and the Delaware 6443 sq. m . The Susquehanna is a wide and shallow stream with a zigzag course and numerous islands, but both the Susquehanna and the Delaware, together with their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal tributaries, flow for the most part transverse to the geological structure, and in the See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges and water-gaps through which they pass ridges in the mountain region, is some of the most picturesque scenery in the state; a number of these gorges, too, have been of great economic importance as passages for See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . The See also:

• LOWER

lower portion of the Delaware river has been entered by the sea as the result of the depression of the See also:

• LAND

land, giving a harbour, at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of which See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed the city of Philadelphia . The See also:

• PRESENT

present course of the Upper Allegheny river is the result of the See also:

• GLACIER
• GLACIER (adopted from the French; from glace, ice, Lat. glacies)

glacier which blocked the northward drainage of the region through which it flows and turned it southward .

The Monongahela is an older stream, but like the Allegheny, it meanders much, and both rivers flow in deeply intrenched valleys . The few small lakes of the state are mostly on the Pocono plateau, where they were formed by glaciation; here, too, are some streams with picturesque cascades . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a See also:

• GAME

game See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission which was created in 1895, of some game preserves which have been established by this commission, and of various See also:

• LAWS

laws affecting See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals and birds, the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of Virginia See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, rabbits, ruffed See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail and wild turkeys have increased until in some of the wilder sections they are quite plentiful, while the numbers of weasels, minks, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx and foxes have been diminished . Squirrels, racoons, woodchucks and skunks are See also:

• COMMON

common, and See also:

• MUSK (Med. Lat. muscus, late Gr. µbvXos, possibly Pers. mushk, from Sansk. mushka, the scrotum)

musk-rats, porcupines and opossums are found in some sections . Two See also:

• SPECIES

species of venomous See also:

• SNAKES

snakes—the See also:

• RATTLESNAKE

rattlesnake and the See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper-head—occur in the sparsely settled regions . The avifauna include—among the birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey—the red-shouldered See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk, red-tailed hawk, See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh hawk, See also:

• COOPER
• COOPER (or COUPER), THOMAS (c. 1517-1594)
• COOPER, ABRAHAM (1787—1868)
• COOPER, ALEXANDER (d. i66o)
• COOPER, CHARLES HENRY (18o8-1866)
• COOPER, JAMES FENIMORE (1789-1851)
• COOPER, PETER (1791-1883)
• COOPER, SAMUEL (1609-1672)
• COOPER, SIR ASTLEY PASTON (1768-1841)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1759–1840)
• COOPER, THOMAS (1805–1892)
• COOPER, THOMAS SIDNEY (1803–1902)

Cooper's hawk, See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-shinned hawk and See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow hawk; the great horned See also:

• OWL (O. Eng. Ule, Swed. Uggla, Ger. Eule—all allied to Lat. Ulula, and evidently of imitative origin)

owl, the See also:

• BARN

barn owl and the screech owl; and bald eagles are not uncommon in the mountainous regions along the larger rivers . The " See also:

• TURKEY

turkey-See also:

• BUZZARD

buzzard " — turkey-See also:

• VULTURE

vulture— (very valuable as a See also:

• SCAVENGER

scavenger) is seen occasionally, especially in the south and south-west . The game birds include the ruffed grouse, quail and See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PHEASANT

pheasant (which have increased rapidly under protection), besides See also:

• WOODCOCK (O. Eng. wude-cocc, wudu-coc, and wudu-snite)

woodcock, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, many species of ducks and a few See also:

• CANADA

Canada geese . The See also:

• SONG

song and insectivorous birds—thrushes, flycatchers, vireos and woodpeckers—of this latitude, are well represented, and the high plateaus (particularly the Pocono plateau) have especial ornithological See also:

• INTEREST

interest as the tarrying-places, during the migratory seasons, of many species of birds whose natural breeding ground is much farther north . See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

Perch, See also:

• SUNFISH

sunfish, See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, pike and pickerel abound in many of the streams . Yellow perch are especially plentiful in the lakes on the Pocono plateau . Pike-perch and a few blue pike are taken in the Susquehanna, where See also:

• SHAD

shad are no longer plentiful since See also:

• WORK

work was begun on McCall's See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry See also:

• DAM

dam, and in 1908 the entire catch for the river was valued at about $20,000, but in the Delaware there are valuable shadl'and See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries .

The blue pike, See also:

• WHITEFISH

whitefish and herring, obtained on Lake Erie are ol.considerable commercial importance . In 1908 the total catch on Lake Erie was valued at $200,8 , the principal items being herring ($90,108), blue pike ($13,657) and whitefish ($31,580) . The catch of herring was twice as much in 1908 as in 1907 and that of whitefish nearly four times as much in 1908 as in 1907; this increase was attributed to the work of the state hatcheries . There were eight hatcheries in 1910 and the number of See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish distributed from these during 1908 was about 662,000,000; they consisted chiefly of pickerel, yellow perch, wall-eyed pike, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white fish, herring, blue pike, trout and shad . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Except on some portions of the Pocono plateau, Pennsylvania was originally well forested, and, although most of the merchantable See also:

• TIMBER

timber has been cut, about one-half of the state is still woodland . On the higher elevations the trees are mostly white See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, yellow pine and See also:

• HEMLOCK (in O. Eng. hemlic or hymlice; no cognate is found in any other language, and the origin is unknown)

hemlock, but in the valleys and lower levels are oaks, hickories, maples, elms, birches, locusts, willows, spruces, gums, buckeyes, the See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

chestnut, black See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut, butternut, See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar, ash, See also:

• LINDEN

linden, See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar, buttonwood, See also:

• HORNBEAM (Carpinus betulus)

hornbeam, See also:

• HOLLY (Ilex Aquifolium)

holly, See also:

• CATALPA

catalpa, See also:

• MAGNOLIA

magnolia, See also:

• TULIP (Tulipa)

tulip-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky See also:

• COFFEE (Fr: cafe, Ger. Kaffee)

coffee-tree, sassafras, wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry, pawpaw, crab-See also:

• APPLE (a common Teut. word, A.S. aepl, aeppel, O.H.G. aphul, aphal, apfal, mod. Ger. Apfel)

apple and other species . The flora is most varied in the Susquehanna Valley below See also:

• HARRISBURG

Harrisburg, and on Presque Isle are some See also:

• PLANTS

plants See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the Lake region . The state has See also:

• FOREST

forest reserves (918,000 acres in 1910) in 26 counties, the largest areas being in Potter, See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton, Center, See also:

• CAMERON, JOHN (1579–1623)
• CAMERON, RICHARD (1648?–168o)
• CAMERON, SIMON (1799-1889)
• CAMERON, VERNEY LOVETT (1844–1894)

Cameron, Lycoming, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

Hunting-See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

don, See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union and See also:

• MIFFLIN, THOMAS (1744–1800)

Mifflin counties; and there is an efficient See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of forestry under a state See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of forestry . A state forest See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy (the only one in the United States) is at Mont See also:

• ALTO (Ital. for " high ")

Alto, where there is one of the three state nurseries; its first class graduated in 1906 . In 1909 the state legislature passed an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act authorizing any city, See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough or township of the first class to acquire, subject to the approval of the commissioner of forestry, a municipal forest; and it authorized the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of seedling forest trees, at cost, to those who would plant and protect them, for growing private forests . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The temperature is quite mild and equable in the south-east province where the ocean influences it and where the mountains bounding it on the north and north-west are some protection from the colder winds . The crests of the higher ridges in the central province are delightfully cool in summer, but thead'acent valleys are subject to excessive See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat in summer and severe See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter .

The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature decreases to the north-westward on the Alleghany plateau, but on the Erie plain, in the extreme north-west, Lake Erie exerts its moderating See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, the mean temperature rises, and extremes shorten . The mean annual temperature in the south-east province is about 52 ° F.; it decreases to 50° in the central province and to 470 or less in some of the north-west counties of the Alleghany plateau, but rises to 49° on the shore of Lake Erie . At Philadelphia the mean temperature in winter (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February) is 340, the mean temperature in summer (See also:

• JUNE

June, See also:

• JULY

July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) is 74°, and the range of extremes here for a long See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of years ending with 1907 was within 103° and 6° . At See also:

• HUNTINGDON
• HUNTINGDON, EARLS OF
• HUNTINGDON, SELINA HASTINGS, COUNTESS OF (1707—1791)

Huntingdon, Huntingdon county, in the Juniata Valley, the winter mean is 30°, the summer mean 71 °, and within the period from 1888 to 1907 extremes ranged from 104° to 23° . The summer See also:

• MAXIMA

maxima on the mountains are usually 8° to To° less than in the valleys directly below them; Saegerstown, See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford county, is nearly 30 M. south of Erie, on Lake Erie, and yet the winter mean is 28° at Erie and only 25° at Saegerstown, and the lowest temperature on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record for Erie is -16° while for Saegerstown it is -27° . During the period from 1875 to 1905 inclusive, extremes within the state ranged from 107° at York, York county, in July 1901, to -42° at Smithport, McKean county, in January 1904 . July is the warmest See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month in all parts of the state . January is the coldest in some and February in others . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual rainfall is 44 in . It is 50 in. or more in some regions along the south-east border of the mountain See also:

• DISTRICT

district or farther south-east where the rains are occasionally heavy, and it is less than 40 in. in some of the north-east and south-west counties . The amount of rainfall during the summer is about 3 in. more than that during either autumn or winter and 2 in. more than that during See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . In the mountain region and in the vicinity of Lake Erie there is often a fall of several inches of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow during the winter months and the rapid melting of this produces floods on the Delaware, Susquehanna and Ohio rivers and some of their tributaries .

The prevailing winds are See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly, but they are frequently interrupted by warm breezes from the south, or moisture-bearing currents from the east . -, Soils.—The most productive See also:

• SOIL

soil is that in the south-east section of the Great Valley and in Chester Valley where it is derived largely from limestone . There is some of the same formation as well as that derived from red shales on the sandstone hills in the south-east province and in many of the middle and western valleys, but often a belt of inferior slate soil adjoins a limestone belt, and many of the ridges are covered with a still more sterile soil derived from white and See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey sandstones . The north-west and north-east sections contain some glacial drift but the soil in these parts is not suitable for cultivation except in the larger valleys in the north-west where it is drained by glacial See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel or there is some sandy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam mixed with clay . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Pennsylvania is noted for its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and manufactures rather than for its agricultural resources, but in 1900 about two-thirds of its land was included in farms, a little more than two-thirds of its See also:

• FARM

farm-land was improved, and in several crops the state has long ranked high . The number of farms in-creased from 127,577 in 1850 to 224,248 in 1900, the increase resulting in part from a reduction of their See also:

• SIZE

size but more largely from the See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation of new lands for farming purposes . The average size in 1900 was 86.4 acres . Nearly 60 % of them contained less than Too acres and only about 2.7% contained 260 acres or more . More than seven-tenths (160,105) were worked by owners or part owners, and only 34,529 by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants, and 23,737 by See also:

• CASH

cash tenants . See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

Hay, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, oats, potatoes, fruits, vegetables and See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco are the principal crops . Of the total See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop acreage in 1899 nearly two-fifths was devoted to hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage, and the value of the hay crop in 1909 1 (when the crop was 3,742,000 tons, valued at $54,633,000) was greater than that of any other state in the Union except New York . Hay is grown in largest quantities in the north, and in the section south-east of Blue Mountain .

More than one-half of the crop acreage in 1899 was devoted to cereals, and of the total cereal acreage 32 % was of wheat, 31.2 % was of Indian corn, 24.8 % was of oats, 6.5 % was of See also:

• RYE

rye, and 5.3 % was of See also:

• BUCKWHEAT

buckwheat . The product of Indian corn was 48,800,000 bushels in 1909; of wheat 26,265,000 bushels; of oats 25,948,000 bushels; of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley 196,000 bushels; of rye 5,508,000 bushels; and of buckwheat 5,665,000 bushels . Indian corn, wheat and rye, are cultivated most extensively in the south-east counties . Some of the larger See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat-producing counties also are in the south-east, but most of the buckwheat, barley and oats are grown in the north and west counties . The See also:

• DAIRY

dairy business, for which much of the hay crop is needed, has grown with the growth of the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population as is shown in part by a steady increase in the number of dairy cows from 530,224 in 1850 to 1,140,000 in 1910; the value of the dairy products in 1899 ($35,860,110) was exceeded only in New York . The number of other See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle has fluctuated somewhat, but there were 917,000 in 1910 as against 623,722 in 1850 . Horses increased in number 1 See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics for 1909 and 1910 are from the See also:

• YEAR

Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the United States Department of Agriculture . . from 350,398 in 1850 to 619,000 in 1910 . The number of mules increased steadily from 2259 in 1850 to 43,000 in 1910 . The raising of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• SWINE

swine was of considerably less relative importance in 1910 than in 1850, there being 1,882,357 sheep and 1,040,366 swine in 1850 and 1,112,000 sheep and 931,000 swine in 1910 . The dairy business is largest in the regions around Philadelphia and See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg, and in Erie and See also:

• BRADFORD
• BRADFORD, JOHN (1510?—1555)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590—1657)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663—1752)
• BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827—1892)

Bradford counties . Cattle other than dairy cows as well as horses and sheep are most numerous in the western counties, in Bradford county on the north border, and in some of the counties of the south-east .

Swine are moist numerous in the south-east and south-west counties . The state ranks high in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of potatoes, cabbages, See also:

• LETTUCE

lettuce and turnips, and it produces large crops of sweet Indian corn, tomatoes, cucumbers, musk-melons, See also:

• ASPARAGUS

asparagus and See also:

• CELERY (Apium graveolens)

celery . The total value of all vegetables produced in 1899 was $15,832,904, an amount exceeding that of any other state except New York . A large portion of the vegetables are grown in the vicinity of Philadelphia or in the vicinity of Pitts-See also:

• BURG

burg . The culture of tobacco, which was introduced as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1689, was a small See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry until the middle of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but it then developed rapidly except during a brief interruption caused by the Mexican See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . In 1909 the crop was 30,732,000 lb . More than two-thirds of the state's crop of 1899 was produced in Lancaster county, which is one of the largest tobacco-producing counties in the United States, and most of the other third was produced in York, Tioga, Bradford and Clinton counties . Apples, cherries and See also:

• PEARS

pears are the principal See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard fruits . Grapes, peaches, plums and prunes, apricots, strawberries, raspberries and loganberries, blackberries and dewberries, currants and gooseberries are also grown . Orchard fruits are most abundant south-east of Blue Mountain, and small fruits near the larger cities, but about two-thirds of the grapes are grown in Erie county . Floriculture is an important industry in Philadelphia and its vicinity . The See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of nursery products, more than one-half of which were grown in Chester and Montgomery counties, amounted in 1899 to $541,032, and although this was less than one-third that of New York it was exceeded in only three other states .

Minerals.—Pennsylvania is by far the most important See also:

• COAL

coal-producing state in the Union, and as much of the See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore of the Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior region is brought to its great bituminous coal-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for rendering into See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron, the value of the state's mineral products constitutes a large fraction of the total value for the entire country; in 1907, when the value of the mineral products of the state was $657,783,345, or nearly one-third that of all the United States, and in 1908 when the total for the state was $473,083,212, or more than one-See also:

• FOURTH

fourth that of the whole United States, more than four-fifths of it was represented by coal and pig-iron . With the exception of two small areas in See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado and New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, Pennsylvania contains the only See also:

• ANTHRACITE (Gr. avOpaE, coal)

anthracite-coal region in the country . This is in the east of the state, and although it has a total area of about 3300 sq. m., its workable See also:

• MEASURES

measures are mostly in Lackawanna, Luzerne, Carbon, Schuylkill and See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland counties in an area of less than 500 sq. m . This coal was discovered as early as 1762 near the site of the present city of Wilkes-See also:

• BARRE
• BARRE, ISAAC (1726-1802)

Barre and during the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence it was used at See also:

• CARLISLE
• CARLISLE, EARLS OF

Carlisle in the manufacture of war materials, but it was of little commercial importance until early in the next century . In 1815 the output was reported as only 50 tons, but it steadily See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to 74,347,102 tons (valued at $158,178,849) in 1908 . Besides having practically all the anthracite, Pennsylvania has the thickest bituminous coal-measures, and most of the coal obtained from these is of the best quality . They form the northern extremity of the great Appalachian coal-field and under-See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie an area of 15,000 sq. m. or more in the west of the state . The Pittsburg district, comprising the counties of Allegheny, Washing-ton, Fayette and Westmoreland, is exceptionally productive, and the coal in Allegheny and See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington counties is noted for its See also:

• GAS

gas-producing qualities, while in Fayette and Westmoreland counties is obtained the famous See also:

• CONNELLSVILLE

Connellsville coking coal . The bituminous coal was first used at nearly the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time as the anthracite and it was first shipped from Pittsburg in 1803 . In 1840 the state's output was 464.826 tons . It increased to 1,000,000 tons in 1850, to 11,760,000 tons in 1875, to 79,842,326 tons in 1900, to 150,143,177 tons in 1907; and was 117,179,527 tons in 1908, when it was 35.2 % of that of the entire country and was valued at $118,816,303 . In 188o the output of coal (anthracite and bituminous) in Pennsylvania was 66% of that of the entire country; in 1908 it was 48.20/0; but in the latter year the Pennsylvania mines produced more coal then the combined production of all the countries of the See also:

• WORLD

world excepting Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, and it was nearly four times as much as the total See also:

• MINED

mined in Austria, nearly five times as much as that mined in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and seven times as much as the output of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia in that year .

Extending from the south-west corner of the state through See also:

• GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1811-1883)
• GREENE, MAURICE (1695-1755)
• GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-1786)
• GREENE, ROBERT (c. 1560-1592)

Greene, Washington, Allegheny, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

Beaver, See also:

• BUTLER
• BUTLER (or BOTELER), SAMUEL (1612–168o)
• BUTLER (through the O. Fr. bouteillier, from the Late Lat. buticularius, buticula, a bottle)
• BUTLER, ALBAN (1710-1773)
• BUTLER, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1818-1893)
• BUTLER, CHARLES (1750–1832)
• BUTLER, GEORGE (1774-1853)
• BUTLER, JOSEPH (1692-1752)
• BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY (1862– )<