See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

PENNY (See also:

• MID

Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " See also:

• PAWN

pawn,". the word meaning a little See also:

• PLEDGE

pledge or token, or with G  er . Pfanne, a See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan), an See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin, equal in value to the one-twelfth of a See also:

• SHILLING

shilling . It is one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of English coins, superseding the sceatta or sceat (see See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUMISMATICS; and See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

BRITAIN: Anglo Saxon, § " Coins ") . It was introduced into See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by See also:

• OFFA
• OFFA (d. 796)

Offa. See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of 1blercia, who took as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model a coin first struck by See also:

• PIPPIN, or PEPIN

Pippin, See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, about 735, which was known in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as nevus denarius . Offa's See also:

• PENNY (Mid. Eng. peni or peny, from O. Eng. form penig, earlier penning and pending; the word appears in Ger. Pfennig and Du. penning; it has been connected with Du. pand, Ger. Pfand, and Eng. " pawn,". the word meaning a little pledge or token, or with G
• PENNY, GIANFRANCESCO (1488–1528)

penny was made of See also:

• SILVER

silver and weighed 221 grains, 240 pennies weighing one Saxon See also:

• POUND
• POUND (2)—(a)

pound (or See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower pound, as it was afterwards called), hence the See also:

• TERM

term pennyweight (dwt.) . In 1527 the Tower pound of 5400 grains was abolished, and the pound of 576o grains adopted instead . The penny remained, with some few exceptions, the only coin issued in England until the introduction of the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold florin by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. in 1343 . It was not until the reign of Edward I. that halfpence and farthings became a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• PART

part of the coinage, it having been usual to subdivide the penny for See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade purposes by cutting it into halves and quarters, a practice said to have originated in the reign of IEthelred II . In 12J7, in the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III., a gold penny, 1 Probably the actual See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason was that the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, dominated by the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of the See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical constitution of 1776, was attempting to punish the trustees of the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, who were almost all " See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-constitutionalists." of the value of twenty silver pence, was struck . The See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and value of the silver penny steadily declined from 1300 onwards, as will be seen from the following table: Reign . Weight . Value in silver 925 See also:

• FINE

fine, at .

5s . 6d. per oz . Grains . Penny . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William I., 1066 22i 3.09 Edward I., 1300 . 22 3.02 „ III., 1344 20; 2.78 ,, III., 1346 20 2.75 Henry IV., 1412 15 2.06 Edward IV., 1464 . . . 12 1.65 Henry VIII., 1527 See also:

• IO2

io2 1.44 Edward VI., 1552 8 1-lo See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, 1601 1•o6 The last coinage of silver pence for See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general circulation was in the reign of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . (1661-1662), since which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time they have only been coined for issue as royal See also:

• ALMS

alms on Maundy Thursdays . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper halfpence were first issued in Charles II.'s reign,' but it was not until 1797, in the reign of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George III., that copper pence were struck . This copper penny weighed 1 oz. See also:

• AVOIRDUPOIS

avoirdupois . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year copper twopences were issued weighing 2 oz., but they were found too cumbersome and were discontinued .

In 1860 See also:

• BRONZE

bronze was substituted for the copper coinage, the alloy containing 95 parts of copper, 4 of See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, and r of See also:

• ZINC

zinc . The weight was also reduced, 1 lb of bronze being coined into 48 pennies, as against 24 pennies into which 1 lb of copper was coined .