See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

PEN (See also:

• LAT

Lat. penna, a See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather, pen)  , an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument for See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing or for forming lines with an See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink or other coloured fluid . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English word, as well as its equivalents in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French (plume) and in See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German (Feder), originally means a wing-See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather, but in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times the implements used for producing written characters were not quills . The earliest writing See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement was probably the stilus (Gr . 'ypa4As), a pointed See also:

• BODKIN (Early Eng. boydekin, a dagger, a word of unknown origin, possibly connected with the Gaelic biodag, a short sword)

bodkin of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone or See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, used for producing incised or engraved letters on See also:

• BOXWOOD

boxwood tablets covered with See also:

• WAX

wax . The calamus (Gr. rchXa,u or) or arundo, the hollow tubular stalk of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses growing in marshy lands, was the true ancient representative of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen; hollow See also:

• JOINTS

joints of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo were similarly employed . An See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early specific allusion to the See also:

• QUILL

quill pen occurs in the writings of St Isidore of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville (early See also:

• PART

part of the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century),' but there is no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to assume that it was not in use at a still more remote date . The quills still largely employed among Western communities as writing See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments are obtained principally from the wings of the See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose (see FEATHER) . In 1809 See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BRAMAH, JOSEPH (1748-1814)

Bramah devised and patented a See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine for cutting up the quill into See also:

• SEPARATE

separate nibs by dividing the See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel into three or even four parts, and cutting these transversely into " two, three, four and some into five lengths." Bramah's invention first familiarized the public with the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and use of the nib slipped into a holder . In 1818 See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt obtained a patent for See also:

• GILDING

gilding and preparing quills and pens, which may be regarded as the precursor of the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold pen . But a more distinct advance was effected in 1822, when J . I . See also:

• HAWKINS, CAESAR HENRY (1798-1884)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR JOHN (1532-1595)
• HAWKINS, or HAWKYNS, SIR RICHARD (c. 1562-1622)
• HAWKINS, SIR JOHN (1719-1789)

Hawkins and S .

Mordan patented the application of See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

horn and See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise-See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell to the formation of pen-nibs, the points of which were rendered durable by small pieces of See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond, See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

ruby or other very hard substance, or by lapping a small piece of thin See also:

• SHEET

sheet gold over the end of the tortoise-shell . Metallic pens, though not unknown in classical times—a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze pen found at See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii is in the See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples Museum—were little used until the 19th century and did not See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel Pens. become See also:

• COMMON

common till near the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of that century . It is recorded that a See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham split-See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring manufacturer, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• HARRISON
• HARRISON, BENJAMIN
• HARRISON, FREDERIC (1831— )
• HARRISON, JOHN (1693—1776)
• HARRISON, THOMAS (16o6-166o)
• HARRISON, THOMAS ALEXANDER (1853– )
• HARRISON, WILLIAM (1534–1593)
• HARRISON, WILLIAM HENRY (1773–1841)

Harrison, made a steel pen for Dr Joseph See also:

• PRIESTLEY, JOSEPH (1733-1804)

Priestley in 1780 . Steel pens made and sold in See also:

• LONDON

London by a certain See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise in 1803 were in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube or barrel, the edges of which met to form the slit, while the sides were cut away as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary quill . Their See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price was about five shillings each, and as they were hard, stiff and unsatisfactory instruments they were not in See also:

• GREAT

great demand . A metallic pen patented by 1" Instrumenta scribae calamus et penna; ex his enim verba paginis infiguntur; sed calamus arboris est, penna avis, cujus acumen dividitur in duo." See also:

• BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS (186o– )

Bryan See also:

• DONKIN, SIR RUFANE SHAW (1773-1841)

Donkin in 18o8 was made of two separate parts, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat or nearly so, with the flat sides placed opposite each other to form the slit, or alternatively of one piece, flat and not cylindrical as in the usual form, See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent to the proper See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle for insertion in the tube which constituted the holder . To See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell probably belongs the See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit of introducing machine-made pens, about 1822, and See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• PERRY
• PERRY (from Fr. Moire, from poire, a pear)
• PERRY, MATTHEW CALBRAITH (1794–1858)
• PERRY, OLIVER HAZARD (1785-1819)

Perry is believed to have been the first maker of steel slip pens . In 1828 See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah See also:

• MASON, FRANCIS (1799—1874)
• MASON, GEORGE (1725—1792)
• MASON, GEORGE HEMMING (1818–1872)
• MASON, JAMES MURRAY (1798-1871)
• MASON, JOHN (1586-1635)
• MASON, JOHN YOUNG (1799-1859)
• MASON, LOWELL (1792—1872)
• MASON, SIR JOHN (1503–1566)
• MASON, SIR JOSIAH (1795-1881)
• MASON, WILLIAM (1725—1797)

Mason, who had been associated with Samuel Harrison, in the manufacture of split rings, saw Perry's pens on salein Birmingham, and after examining them saw his way both to improve and to cheapen the See also:

• PROCESS

process of making them . He therefore put himself in communication with Perry, and the result was that he began to make barrel pens for him in 1828 and slip pens in 1829 . Perry, who did much to popularize the steel pen and bring it into See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use, in his patent of 183o sought to obtain greater flexibility by forming a central hole between the points and the shoulders and by cutting one or more lateral slits on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the central slit; and Joseph See also:

• GILLOT, CLAUDE (1673-1722)

Gillot, in 1831 described an improvement which consisted in forming elongated points on the nibs of the pens . The metal used consists of rolled sheets of See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast steel of the finest quality made from See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron . These sheets, after being cut into strips of suitable width, annealed in a muffle-See also:

• FURNACE

furnace and pickled in a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of dilute sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid to See also:

• FREE

free the See also:

• SURFACE

surface from oxidized See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, are rolled between steel rollers till they are reduced to See also:

• RIBBONS

ribbons of an even thickness, about -I- -s in .

From these ribbons the pen blanks are next punched out, and then, after being embossed with the name of the maker or other marks, are pierced with the central perforation and the side or See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder slits by which flexibility is obtained . After another See also:

• ANNEALING, HARDENING AND

annealing, the blanks, which up to this point are flat, are " raised " or rounded between See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies into the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar semi-cylindrical shape . The next process is to harden and See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper them by See also:

• HEATING

heating them in iron boxes in a muffle-furnace, plunging them in oil, and then heating them over a See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in a rotating cylindrical See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel till their surfaces attain the dull See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue tint characteristic of See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-steel See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity . Subsequently they are " scoured " in a bath of dilute acid, and polished in a revolving See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder . The grinding of the points with See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

emery follows, and then the central slit is cut by the aid of two very See also:

• FINE

fine-edged cutters . Finally the pens are again polished, are coloured by being heated over a fire in a revolving cylinder, and in some cases are coated with a See also:

• VARNISH

varnish of shellac dissolved in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol . Birmingham was the first See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the steel-pen See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, and continues its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal centre . The manufacture on a large scale was begun in the See also:

• UNITED

United States about r86o at See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden, N . J., where the Esterbrook Steel Pen Manufacturing See also:

• COMPANY

Company was incorporated in 1866 . Metals other than steel have frequently been suggested by inventors, those most commonly proposed being gold, See also:

• SILVER

silver, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, German silver, See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium and aluminium bronze . Dr W . H .

See also:

• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM (1659--1724)
• WOLLASTON, WILLIAM HYDE (1766-1828)

Wollaston, it is recorded, had Gold pens. a gold pen composed of two thin strips of gold tipped with See also:

• RHODIUM [symbol Rh; atomic weight 102.9 (0=16)]

rhodium, apparently made on the principle patented by Donkin in 1808, and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BYRON, GEORGE GORDON BYRON, 6TH BARON (1788-1824)
• BYRON, HENRY JAMES (1834-1884)
• BYRON, HON
• BYRON, JOHN BYRON

Byron used one in 181o . Gold being extremely resistant to corrosion, pens made of it are very durable, but the metal is too soft for the points, which See also:

• WEAR

wear quickly unless protected by some harder material . For this purpose See also:

• IRIDIUM (symbol Ir.; atomic weight 193.1)

iridium is widely employed, by fusing the gold See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it with a See also:

• BLOWPIPE

blowpipe . Various devices have been adopted in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to increase the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for which a pen can be used without a fresh See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of ink . These fall into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main classes . In one, the form See also:

• RESERVOIR

Reservoir of the nib itself is modified, or some See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment pens . is added, to enlarge the ink capacity; in the other, which is by far the more important, the holder of the pen is utilized as a cistern or reservoir from which ink is supplied to the nib . Pens of the second class, which have the further See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of being portable, are heard of under the name of " See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain inkhorns " or " fountain pens " so far back as the beginning of the 18th century, but it was not till a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years later that inventors applied themselves seriously to their construction . Joseph Bramah patented several plans; one was to employ a tube of silver or other metal so thin that it could be readily squeezed out of shape, the ink within it being thus forced out to the nib, and another was to See also:

• FIT

fit the tube with a See also:

• PISTON (through Fr. from Ital. pistone or pestone, a great pestle, from Late Lat. pistare, to pound, a frequentative form of classical Lat. pinsere)

piston that could slide down the interior and thus eject ink . In modern fountain pens a feed See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar conveys, by capillary See also:

• ACTION

action, a fresh supply of ink to replace that which has been See also:

• LEFT

left on the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper in the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of writing, means being also provided by which See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air can pass into the reservoir and fill the space left empty by the outflowing ink . In another form of reservoir pen, which is usually distinguished by the name stylograph, there is no nib, but the ink flows out through a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute hole at the end of the holder, which terminates in a conical point . An iridium See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle, held in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place by a fine spring, projects slightly through the hole and normally keeps the See also:

• APERTURE (from Lat. aperire, to open)

aperture closed; but when the pen is pressed on the paper, the needle is pushed back and allows a thin stream of ink to flow out .

See J . P . Maginnis, " Reservoir, Stylographic and Fountain Pens," Cantor Lectures, Society of Arts (1905) .