See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Teuthrania, a See also:

• DISTRICT

district in See also:

• MYSIA

Mysia . It is usually named Mpyaµov by See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writers, but See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy has the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form IIEpya ios . The name, which is related to the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• BURG

burg, is appropriate to the situation on a lofty isolated See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill in a broad fertile valley, less than 15 M. from the mouth of the Calms . According to the belief of its inhabitants, the See also:

• TOWN

town was founded by Arcadian colonists, led by Telephus, son of Heracles . Auge, See also:

• MOTHER

mother of Telephus, was priestess of See also:

• ATHENA (the Attic form of the Homeric Athene, also called Athenaia, Pallas Athene, Pallas)

Athena Alea at See also:

• TEGEA

Tegea, and daughter of Aleus; fleeing from Tegea, she became the wife of Teuthras, the See also:

• EPONYMOUS

eponymous See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Teuthrania, and her son Telephus succeeded him . Athena Polias was the See also:

• PATRON

patron-goddess of See also:

• PERGAMUM, or PERGAMTS (mod. Bergama)

Pergamum, and the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend combines the ethnological See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the connexion claimed between See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia and Pergamum with the usual belief that the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero of the city was son of its See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian deity, or at least of her priestess . Nothing more is recorded of the city till the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, when it was a small fortified town on the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the hill; but it had been striking coins since 420 B.C. at latest . Its importance began under See also:

• LYSIMACHUS (c. 355—281 B.C.)

Lysimachus, who deposited his treasures, 9000 talents, in this strong fortress under the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a See also:

• EUNUCH (Gr. Evvoi3Xos)

eunuch, Philetaerus of Tium . In 283 B.C . Philetaerus rebelled, Lysimachus died without being able to put down the revolt, and Pergamum became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of a little principality . Partly by See also:

• CLEVER

clever See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, partly through the troubles caused by the Gaulish invasion and by the dissensions among the See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, Philetaerus contrived to keep on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms with his neighbours on all sides (283–263 B.C.) . His See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• EUMENES
• EUMENES (c. 360-316 B.C.)

Eumenes (263–241) succeeded him, increased his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and even defeated See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus II. of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria in a pitched See also:

• BATTLE

battle near See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis .

His successor Attalus I . (241–197) won a See also:

• GREAT

great battle over the Gauls, and assumed the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of king . The other Greek kings who aimed at power in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor were his natural enemies, and about 222 reduced Pergamenian power to a very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ebb . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans was beginning to make itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East . Attalus prudently connected himself with them and shared in their continuous success . Pergamum thus became the capital of a considerable territory and a centre of See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• REGAL

regal magnificence . The See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state and the king's See also:

• DESIRE

desire to celebrate his victories by monuments of art led to the rise of the " Pergamenian school " in See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . The splendour of Pergamurri was at its height under Eumenes II . (197–159) . He continued true to the Romans during their See also:

• WARS

wars with Antiochus and See also:

• PERSEUS

Perseus, and his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom spread over the greater See also:

• PART

part of western Asia Minor, including Mysia, See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, great part of See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia, See also:

• IONIA

Ionia and See also:

• CARIA

Caria . To celebrate the great achievement of his reign, the defeat of the See also:

• BARBARIAN (Gr. fap/3apos)

barbarian Gauls, he built in the See also:

• AGORA

agora a vast See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar to See also:

• ZEUS

Zeus See also:

• SOTER

Soter (see below) . He See also:

• LEFT

left an See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant son, Attalus (III.), and a See also:

• BROTHER

brother, Attalus II .

(Philadelphus), who ruled 159–138, and was succeeded by his nephew, Attalus III . (Philometor) . The latter died in 133, and bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans, who erected part of it (excluding Great Phrygia, which they gave to See also:

• MITHRADATES

Mithradates of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus) into a See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province under the name of Asia . Pergamum continued to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank for two centuries as the capital, and subsequently, with See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus and See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna, as one of the three great cities of the province; and the devotion of its former kings to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman cause was continued by its citizens, who erected on the See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis a magnificent See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple to See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . It was the seat of a conventus, including the cities of the Caicus valley and some of those in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the Hermus valley . Under the Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire Pergamum was one of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seats of the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Asclepius " the Saviour "; invalids came from distant parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to ask See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice from the See also:

• GOD

god and his priests . The temple and the curative See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the god were situated outside the city . Pergamum was the chief centre of the imperial cult under the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early empire, and, in W . M . See also:

• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1686-1758)
• RAMSAY, ALLAN (1713-1784)
• RAMSAY, ANDREW MICHAEL (1686-1743)
• RAMSAY, DAVID (1749—1815)
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM (1852– )
• RAMSAY, SIR WILLIAM MITCHELL (185r– )

Ramsay's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion, was for that See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason referred to in Rev. ii . 13 as the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of " Satan's See also:

• THRONE

throne." It was also an early seat of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, and one of the Seven Churches . The place, re-fortified by the Byzantines, and still retaining its name as Bergama, passed into Moslem hands early in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

The See also:

• LOWER

lower town was rebuilt, and in the 17th and 18th centuries became a chief seat of the great Dere See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey See also:

• FAMILY

family of Kara See also:

• OSMAN (1832-1900)
• OSMAN (`UsMAN)

Osman Oglu (see MAMSA), which did not resign it to See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• OTTOMAN

Ottoman See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control until about 1825 . It is still an administrative and commercial centre of importance, having some 20,000 inhabitants . Excavations.—The site of the ancient city has been the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of extensive excavations promoted by the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin museum since '878, and directed first by K . Humann and A . Conze, andafterwards by W . Dorpfeld . The first impulse to them was given in 1873 by the reception in Berlin of certain reliefs, extracted by Humann from the walls of Bergama . These were recognized as probably parts of the Great Altar of Zeus erected by Eumenes II. in '8o B.C. and decorated with a combat of gods and giants, symbolic of the struggle between the Pergamene Greeks and the Gaulish barbarians . Excavation at the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south end of the Acropolis led to the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the Altar itself and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of its surviving reliefs, which, now restored and mounted in Berlin, form one of the glories of that city . In very high See also:

• RELIEF

relief and representing furious See also:

• ACTION

action, these sculptures are the finest which survive from the Pergamene school, which replaced the repose and breadth of earlier See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools by excess of emphasis and detail . The summit of the Acropolis is crowded with public buildings, between the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market place, which lies at the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern point, and the Royal Gardens on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . In the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval are the Zeus altar; the great See also:

• HEXASTYLE (Gr. gE, six, and ori)Xos, column)

hexastyle Doric temple of Athena flanked by the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace on the east, by the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre and its See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and by a library on the north; and a large Corinthian temple of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan .

The residential part of the Greek, and practically all the Roman city See also:

• LAY

lay below the Acropolis on ground now mostly occupied by See also:

• MODERN

modern Bergama; but west of the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• SELINUS (EeXsvoiis)

Selinus, on rising ground facing the Acropolis, are to be seen notable remains of a Roman theatre, an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre and a See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus . See, beside See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general authorities for Asia Minor, J . Dallaway, See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, &c . (1797) ; W . M . Ramsay, Letters to the Seven Churches (1904) ; and especially the publication by the Royal Museum of Berlin, Alterthumer von Pergamon (1885 sqq.); " Operations at Pergamon 1906-1907," in Athenische Mitteil . (1908), xxxiii . 4; G . See also:

• LEROUX, PIERRE (1798-1871)

Leroux, " La Pretendue basilique de Pergame " in See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . Corr . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell . (1909), pp .

238 sqq . (D . G .