CASIMIR

PIERRE

See also:

• CASIMIR PIERRE PERIER (1777-1832)

PERIER (1777-1832)  , French statesman, was born at Grenoble on the 11th of October 1777, the fourth son of a rich banker and manufacturer, Claude Perier (1742-18o1), in whose house the estates of Dauphiny met in 1788 . Claude Perier was one of the first directors of the Bank of France; of his eight sons, Augustin (1773-1833), Antoine Scipion (1776-1821), Casimir Pierre and Camille (1781-18441, all distinguished themselves in industry and in politics . The family removed to Paris after the revolution of Thermidor, and Casimir joined the army of Italy in 1798 . On his father's death he Ieft the Mica-peridotites are not of frequent occurrence . A well-known rock from Kaltes Thal, Harzburg, contains much biotite, deep brown in thin section . Other examples are found in India and in Arkansas . Poikilitic structure is rarely well developed in this group . The " blue-ground " of Kimberley which contains the diamonds is a brecciform biotite-hypersthene-peridotite with augite . In the north of Scotland, in several places in Sutherland and Ross, there are peridotites with silvery yellow green biotite and large plates of pale green hornblende: these have been called scyelites . In the hornblende-peridotites lustre-mottling is often very striking . The amphibole may be colourless tremolite in small prisms, as in some varieties of serpentine from the Lizard (Cornwall); or pale green hornblende as in scyelite . In both these cases there is some probabilit' that the hornblende has developed, partly at least, from olivine or augite .

In sheared peridotites tremolite and army and with his

brother Scipion founded a bank in Paris, the speculations of which he directed while Scipion occupied himself with its administration . He opposed the ruinous methods by which the duc de Richelieu sought to raise the war indemnity demanded by the Allies, in a pamphlet ROexions sur le projet d'emprunt (1817), followed in the same year by Dernieres reflexions . . . in answer to an inspired article in the Moniteur . In the same year he entered the chamber of deputies for Paris, taking his seat in the Left Centre with the moderate opposition, and making his first speech in defence of the freedom of the press . Re-elected for Paris in 1822 and 1824, and in 1827 for Paris and for Troyes, he elected to represent Troyes, and sat for that constituency until his death . Perier's violence in debate was not associated with any disloyalty to the monarchy, and he held resolutely aloof from the republican conspiracies and intrigues which prepared the way for the revolution of 1830 . Under the Martignac ministry there was some prospect of a reconciliation with the court, and in January 1829 he was nominated a candidate for the presidency of the chamber; but in August with the elevation to power of Polignac the truce ceased, and on the 15th of March 183o he was one of the 221 deputies who repudiated the pretensions put forward by Charles X . Averse by instinct and by interest to popular revolution he nevertheless sat on the provisory commission of five at the hotel-de-ville during the days of July, but he refused to sign the declaration of Charles X.'s dethronement . Perier reluctantly recognized in the government of Louis Philippe the only alternative to the continuance of the Revolution; but he was no favourite with the new king, whom he scorned for his truckling to the mob . He became president of the chamber of deputies, and sat for a few months in the cabinet, though without a portfolio . On the fall of the weak and discredited ministry of Laffitte, Casimir Perier, who had drifted more and more to the Right, was summoned to power (March 13, 1831), and in the short space of a year he restored civic order in France and re-established her credit in Europe . Paris was in a constant state of disturbance from March to September, and was only held in check by the premier's determination; the workmen's revolt at Lyons was suppressed after hard fighting; and at Grenoble, in face of the quarrels between the military and the inhabitants, Perier declined to make any concession to the townsfolk .

The

minister refused to be dragged into armed intervention in favour of the revolutionary government of Warsaw, but his policy of peace did not exclude energetic demonstrations in support of French interests . He constituted France the protector of Belgium by the prompt expedition of the army of the north against the Dutch in August 1831; French influence in Italy was asserted by the audacious occupation of Ancona (Feb . 23, 1832); and the refusal of compensation for injuries to French residents by the Portuguese government was followed by a naval demonstration at Lisbon . Perier had undertaken the premiership with many forebodings, and overwork and anxiety prepared the way for disease . In the spring of 1832 during the cholera outbreak in Paris, he visited the hospitals in company with the duke of Orleans . He fell ill the next day of a violent fever, and died six weeks later, on the 16th of May 1832 . His Opinions et discours were edited by A . Lesieur (2 vols., 1838); C . Nicoullaud published in 1894 the first part (Casimir-Perier, depute de l'opposition, 1817-1830) of a study of his life and policy; and his ministry is exhaustively treated by Thureau-Dangin in vols. i. and ii . (1884) of his Histoire de la monarchie de juillet . His elder son, AUGUSTE VICTOR LAURENT CASIMIR PERIER (1811–1876), the father of President Casimir-Perier (see CASIMIRPERIER), entered the diplomatic service, being attached successively to the London, Brussels and St Petersburg embassies, and in 184.3 became minister plenipotentiary at Hanover In 1846 he resigned flour the service to enter the legislature as deputy for the department of Seine, a constituency which he exchanged for Aube after the Revolution of 1848 . On the establishment of the Second Empire he retired temporarily from public life, and devoted himself to economic questions on which he published a series of works, notably Les Finances et lapolitique (1863), dealing with the interaction of political institutions and finance .

He contested Grenoble unsuccessfully in 1863 against the imperial candidate, Casimir Royer; and failed again for Aube in 1869 . In 1871 he was returned by three departments to the

National Assembly, and elected to sit for Aube . He was minister of the interior for a few months in 1871–1872, and his retirement deprived Thiers of one of the strongest elements in his cabinet . He also joined the short-lived ministry of May 1873 . He consistently opposed all efforts in the direction of a monarchical restoration, but on the definite constitution of the republic became a life senator, declining MacMahon's invitation to form the first cabinet under the new constitution . He died in Paris on the 6th of June 1876 . For the family in general see E . Choulet, La Famille Casimir-Perier (Grenoble, 1894) .