See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY See also:

• SIR WILLIAM HENRY PERKIN (1838-1907)

PERKIN (1838-1907)  , See also:

• ENGLISH

English chemist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• LONDON

London on the 12th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1838 . From an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he determined to adopt See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry as his profession, although his See also:

• FATHER

father, who was a builder, would have preferred him to be an architect . Attending the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City of London School he devoted all his spare See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to chemistry, and on leaving, in 18J3, entered the Royal See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Chemistry, then under the direction of A . W . See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann, in whose own See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research laboratory he was in the course of a See also:

• YEAR

year or two promoted to be an assistant . Devoting his evenings to private investigations in a rough laboratory fitted up at his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, See also:

• PERKIN, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1838-1907)

Perkin was fired by some remarks of Hofmann's to undertake the artificial See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• QUININE

quinine . In this See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt he was unsuccessful, but the observations he made in the course of his experiments induced him, early in 1856, to try the effect of treating See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline sulphate with bichromate of potash . The result was a precipitate, aniline See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, from which he obtained the colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter subsequently known as aniline See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• MAUVE, ANTON (1838–1888)

mauve . He lost no time in bringing this substance before the managers of Pullar's dye-See also:

• WORKS

works, See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth, and they expressed a favourable See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of it, if only it should not prove too expensive in use . Thus encouraged, he took out a patent for his See also:

• PROCESS

process, and leaving the College of Chemistry, a boy of eighteen, he proceeded, with the aid of his father and See also:

• BROTHER

brother, to erect works at Greenford See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green, near See also:

• HARROW

Harrow, for the manufacture of the newly discovered colouring matter, and by the end of 1857 the works were in operation . That date may therefore be reckoned as that of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, which has since attained such important dimensions—in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, however, rather than in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country where it originated . Perkin also had a large See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the introduction of artificial See also:

• ALIZARIN, or I

alizarin (q.v.), the red dye of the See also:

• MADDER

madder See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root .

C . Graebe and C . T . See also:

• LIEBERMANN, MAX (1849– )

Liebermann in 1868 pre-pared that substance synthetically from See also:

• ANTHRACENE (from the Greek avOpa, coal)

anthracene, but their process was not practicable on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale, and it was See also:

• LEFT

left to him to patent a method that was commercially valuable . Thishe did in 1869, thus securing for the Greenford Green works a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of alizarin manufacture for several years . About the same time he also carried out a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of investigations into kindred substances, such as anthrapurpurin . About 1894 he abandoned the manufacture of coal-tar See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours and devoted himself exclusively to research in pure chemistry, and among the discoveries he made in this See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field was that of the reaction known by his name, depending on the condensation of See also:

• ALDEHYDES

aldehydes with fatty acids (see CINNAMIC See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

ACID) . Later still he engaged in the study of the relations between chemical constitution and rotation of the See also:

• PLANE

plane of polarization in a magnetic field, and enunciated a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law expressing the variation of such rotation in bodies belonging to homologous series . For this See also:

• WORK

work he was in 1889 awarded a See also:

• DAVY, SIR HUMPHRY

Davy See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal by the Royal Society, which ten years previously had bestowed upon him a Royal medal in recognition of his investigations in the coal-tar colours . The Chemical Society, of which the became secretary in 1869 and See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president in 1883, presented him with its Longstaff medal in 1889, and in 1890 he received the See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert medal of the Society of Arts . In 1906 an See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of his invention of mauve was held in London, and in the same year he was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight . He died near Harrow on the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July 1907 .

His eldest son, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

HENRY PERKIN, who was born at See also:

• SUDBURY
• SUDBURY, SIMON OF (d. 1381)

Sudbury, near Harrow, on the 17th of See also:

• JUNE

June 186o, and was educated at the City of London School, the Royal College of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science, and ,the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg and See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of chemistry at the See also:

• HERIOT
• HERIOT, GEORGE (1563-1623)

Heriot-See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt College, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, in 1887, and professor of organic chemistry at See also:

• OWENS, JOHN (1790-1846)

Owens College, See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, in 1892 . His See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief researches See also:

• DEAL

deal with the poly-methylene compounds, the alkaloids, in particular See also:

• HYDRASTINE

hydrastine and See also:

• BERBERINE, CBH17NO4

berberine, and the See also:

• CAMPHORS

camphors and See also:

• TERPENES

terpenes (q.v.) . He received the Davy medal from the Royal Society in 1904 .