See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

PERSONALITY (from See also:

• LAT

Lat. persona, originally an actor's See also:

• MASK (Fr. masque, apparently from med. Lat. mascus, masca, spectre, through Ital. maschera, Span. mascara)

mask, from personare,1 to See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound through)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied in ' So Gabius See also:

• BASSUS, AUFIDIUS
• BASSUS, CAESIUS
• BASSUS, CASSIANUS
• BASSUS, SALEIUS

Bassus in Gel] . Noct . Att. v . 7, 1 . Since, however, it is difficult to explain persona from persbnare (See also:

• SKEAT, WALTER WILLIAM (1835– )

Skeat suggests by See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy from apOganrov the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent ! ), Walde, inphilosophy and also in See also:

• COMMON

common speech to the identity or individuality which makes a being (See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person) what he is, or marks him off for all that he is not . The term " person," which is technically used not only in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy but also in See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, is applied in See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology (Gr. wpbouorov) to the three hypostases of the Trinity . It was first introduced by See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, who implied by it a single individual; the See also:

• FATHER

Father, the Son and the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost were three personae though of one and the same substance (unitas substantiae) . The nature of this unity in difference exercised the minds of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian theologians, and was the subject of many See also:

• COUNCILS

councils and See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official pronouncements, according as emphasis was laid on the unity or on the separateness of the persons . There was perpetual See also:

• SCHISM

schism between the Unitarians and See also:

• TRINITARIANS

Trinitarians (see for example See also:

• SABELLIUS (fl. 230)

SABELLIUS) . The natural sense of the word " person " is undoubtedly individuality; hence those who found a difficulty in the philosophic conception of the three-in-one naturally tended to See also:

• LAY

lay emphasis on the distinctions between the members of the Trinity (see See also:

• HERESY

HERESY; MONARCHIANTSM; Locos, &c.) . A further theological question arises in connexion with the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine of See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality (q.v.), and it is argued that immortality is meaningless unless the soul of the dead See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is self-conscious throughout .

In philosophy the term has an important ethical significance . The Greek moralists, attaching little importance to individual citizens as such, found the highest moral perfection in the sub-ordination of the individual to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Man, as rroXLTtKOV ~Wov, is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good only when he is a good 2roXn- c . Subsequent ethical systems on the contrary have laid stress on the moral See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, finding the summum bonum in the highest realization of the self . This view is specially characteristic of the Neo-hegelian school (e.g . T . H . See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green), but it belongs also in various degrees to all intuitional and idealistic systems . Utilitarian universalistic See also:

• HEDONISM (Gr. i bovit, pleasure, from ?) (s, sweet, pleasant)

hedonism and evolutionist See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics so far resemble the Greek theory that they tend to minimize the importance of personality, by introducing ulterior reasons (e.g. the perfection of the social organism, of humanity) as the ultimate sanctions of moral principles, whereas the intuitionists by making the criterion abstract and See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute limit goodness to See also:

• PERSONAL

personal obedience to the a priori moral law . Still more important problems are connected with the psychological significance of personality . What is the origin and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the consciousness of the self ? The consciousness of the identity of another person is comparatively See also:

• SIMPLE

simple; but one's own individuality consists partly in being aware of that individuality; a man cannot use the word " I " unless he is conscious of the unity of his " self," and yet there is involved in the word " I " something more than this consciousness .

In what does the unity of the " self " consist See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to its being recognized in consciousness; how does the consciousness arise ? The See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to this problem is to be found—in so far as it can be found—in the subject-See also:

• OBJECT

object relation, in the distinction between the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• WORLD

world and the subjective processes of knowing and willing which that relation involves . I will something, and afterwards perceive a corresponding See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change within the unity of my external world . Hence, we may sup-pose, arises the consciousness of a permanent self and not-self . It should be observed that self-consciousness varies according to the intellectual development, and the term " personality " is usually connected only with the self-consciousness of an advanced type, not, for example, with that of an See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . Even among human beings there is considerable difference . The, most elementary See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of human self-consciousness includes in the self not only the soul but also the See also:

• BODY

body, while to the See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed self-consciousness the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical self is See also:

• PART

part of the external or See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective world . Finally it is necessary to refer to the Kantian distinction of the pure and the empirical ego, the latter (" the Me known ") being an object of thought to the former (" the I knowing ") . From the use of the term " person " as distinguishing the Lateinisches etymologisches Worterbuch (1906), suggests a derivation from Greek ?a;.wn, a See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman law persona was one who had See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights . For the ecclesiastical persona ecclesiae, see See also:

• PARSON

PARSON . self from the not-self arises the phrase " personal See also:

• EQUATION (from Lat. aequatio, aequare, to equalize)

equation for those See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar characteristics or idiosyncrasies which have to be taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in estimating the value of an individual See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment or observation .

This phrase, which is commonly used in any connexion, was first applied to the errors detected in the astronomical observations of a See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich observer named Kinnebrook in 1795 . The recognized fact that the greater or less inaccuracy is habitual to individual observers has been investigated, e.g. by See also:

• BESSEL, FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1784-1846)

Bessel (Abhandlungen, iii . 300) and by See also:

• WUNDT, WILHELM MAX (1832— )

Wundt (Physiol . Psychol.), and See also:

• MACHINES

machines have been devised which make See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance for the See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error caused by the personal equation (see See also:

• MICROMETER (from Gr. wcp6c, small, jArpov, a measure)

MICROMETER) . For the psychological problem, see See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

PSYCHOLOGY . For the problems connected with sub-conscious See also:

• ACTION

action, &c., see SUBLIMINAL SELF; See also:

• TRANCE (through the French, from Lat. transitus, from transire, to cross, pass over)

TRANCE; See also:

• HYPNOTISM

HYPNOTISM; See also:

• TELEPATHY (Gr. rnXe, far, wan, feelings), or THOUGHT TRANSFERENCE

TELEPATHY .