See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

PERU (apparently from Biru, a small See also:

• RIVER

river on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia, where See also:

• PIZARRO, FRANCISCO (c. 1471 or 1475-1541)

Pizarro landed)  , a See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic of the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America, extending in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general N.N.W.–S.S.E. direction from See also:

• LAT

lat . 3' 21' S. to about 18° S., with a See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-coast of 1240 M. and a width of 300 to 400 in., exclusive of territories in dispute . Its See also:

• AREA

area in 1906, including See also:

• TACNA

Tacna and See also:

• ARICA (SAN MARCOS DE ARICA)

Arica, and other disputed territories occupied by neighbouring states, was officially estimated at 1,752,422 sq. kilometers, or 676,638 sq. m.; exclusive of these territories, the area of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru is variously 1874, and on the 7th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1876 died at See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich while attending the sittings of the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission . The Monumenta began to appear in 1826, and at the date of his resignation 24 volumes See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio (Scriptores, Leges, Diplomata) had appeared . This See also:

• WORK

work for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time made possible the existence of the See also:

• MODERN

modern school of scientific historians of See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . In connexion with the Monumenta See also:

• PERTZ, GEORG HEINRICH (1795-1876)

Pertz also began the publication of a selection of See also:

• SOURCES

sources in See also:

• OCTAVO

octavo See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, the Scriptores rerum germanicarum in usum scholarum; among his other See also:

• LITERARY

literary labours may be mentioned an edition of the Gesammelte Werke of See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz, and a See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein (Leben See also:

• DES

des Ministers Freiherrn vom Stein (6 vols., 1849—1855) ; also, in an abridged form, Aus Steins Leben (2 vols.,-1856) . estimated at 439,000 to 480,000 sq. in., the See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha measurements being 1,137,000 sq. kilometers, or 439,014 sq. m . With the exception of parts of the See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador, See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil and See also:

• BOLIVIA

Bolivia frontiers, all the boundary lines have been disputed and referred to See also:

• ARBITRATION (Lat. arbitrari, to examine or judge)
• ARBITRATION, INTERNATIONAL

arbitration—those with See also:

• COLOMBIA

Colombia and Ecuador to the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and that with Bolivia to the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina, on which a decision was rendered on the 9th of See also:

• JULY

July 19og . There have been misunderstandings with Ecuador in regard to some small areas in the Chira valley, but it may be assumed that the See also:

• LINE

line is fixed between See also:

• SANTA

Santa See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa (3° 21' S.) on the Gulf of See also:

• GUAYAQUIL, or SANTIAGO DE GUAYAQUIL

Guayaquil, and the Chinchipe See also:

• RIVER

river, a tributary of the Maranon . At the junction of the Cauches with that river, that Ecuadorean line descends the Chinchipe to the Maranon, and the Peruvian ascends to a point where it is intersected by a line following the eastern See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera northward to the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head-See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Caqueta, or Japuth, which forms the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern boundary down to the Brazilian frontier . This claim covers all eastern Ecuador and. a large See also:

• PART

part of south-eastern Colombia . In 1903 there were encounters between small bodies of Peruvian and Ecuadorean troops on the disputed frontier .

After arbitration by the king of Spain had been agreed upon, the question was considered by two See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish commissions, and modifications favouring Peru were recommended . These became known prematurely, and in May 1910 See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war was threatened between Peru and Ecuador in spite of an offer of See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation by the See also:

• UNITED

United States, Brazil and Argentina under the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention . From the Japura southward to the See also:

• AMAZON

Amazon, in 40 13' 21” S., 69° 35' W., and thence up the Javary, or Yavari, to its source in 7° 8' 4" S., 73° 46' 30" W., as determined by a mixed commission, the line has been definitely settled . From near the source of the Javary, or lat . 70 1' 17" S., a line See also:

• RUNNING

running eastward to the See also:

• MADEIRA
• MADEIRA, or THE MADE1RAS

Madeira in lat . 6° 52' 15" S., which is See also:

• HALF

half the distance between the mouth of the See also:

• MAMORE

Mamore and the mouth of the Madeira, divides the Spanish and Portuguese possessions in this part of South America, according to the See also:

• PRO

pro- visions of the treaty of See also:

• SAN

San Ildefonso of 1777 . This line has been twice modified by See also:

• TREATIES

treaties between Bolivia and Brazil, but without the consent of Peru, which claimed all the territory eastward to the Madeira between the above-mentioned line and the Beni-Madidi See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers, the line of demarcation following the Pablo-bamba, a small tributary of the Madidi, to its source, and thence in a straight line to the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Conima, on See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Titicaca . The dispute with Brazil relates to the territory acquired by that republic from Bolivia in 186 7 and 1903, and was to be settled, according to an agreement of 1908, by See also:

• DIRECT

direct negotiation if possible, or, failing this, by arbitration . The decision of the president of Argentina of the 9th of July 1909, in regard to the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of this extensive territory, was a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, and divided it into two nearly equal parts . The line adopted starts from Lake Suches, the source of a small river of that name flowing into the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of Lake Titicaca, crosses the Cordillera by the Palomani to the Tambopata river, follows that stream to the mouth of the See also:

• LANZA, DOMENICO GIOVANNI GIUSEPPE MARIA (1810–1882)

Lanza, thence crosses to the source of the See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath river, which forms the dividing line down to its junction with the Madre de Dios, descends that river to the mouth of the Torosmonas, thence in a straight line north-See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly to the intersection of the Tahuamanu river by the 69th See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian, and thence north on that meridian to the Brazilian frontier . This decision at first gave offence to the Bolivians, but friendly overtures from Peru led to its See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance by both parties with the understanding that modifications would be made in locating the line wherever actual settlements had been made by either party on territory awarded to the other . With See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile the de jure line is that of the Camarones See also:

• RAVINE

ravine which separated the old See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of See also:

• MOQUEGUA

Moquegua (including the provinces of Tacna and Arica) from that of See also:

• TARAPACA

Tarapaca .

The de facto line is that of the Sama river (usually dry), which opens on the coast a little south of Sama point, near 18° S., Chile retaining See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the two above-mentioned provinces in violation of the treaty of See also:

• ANCON
• ANCON (from the Gr. ayi ww)

Ancon, which she forced upon her defeated antagonist . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography.—Peru is divided longitudinally into three well-defined regions, the coast, the sierra and the See also:

• MONTANA

montana . The coast, extending from the See also:

• BASE

base of the Western or Maritime Cordillera to the Pacific Ocean, consists of a sandy See also:

• DESERT

desert crossed at intervals by rivers flowing through narrow, fertile valleys . The sierra is the region of the See also:

• ANDES

Andes, and is about 250 M. in width . It contains stupendous chains of mountains, elevated plains and table-lands, warm and fertile valleys and ravines . The montana is the region of tropical forests within the valley of the Amazon, and skirts the eastern slopes of the Andes . The coast has been upraised from the ocean at no very distant See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch, and is nearly as destitute of vegetation as the The Coast . See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara . It is watered, however, by fifty streams which See also:

• CROSS

cross the desert at intervals . Half of these have their origin in the summits of the Andes, and run with a permanent See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of See also:

• WATER

water into the ocean . The others, rising in the See also:

• OUTER

outer range, which does not reach the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-line and receives less moisture, carry a See also:

• VOLUME

volume of water to the sea during the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, but for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• YEAR

year are nearly dry . The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain here is ascribed to the See also:

• ACTION

action of the lofty uplands of the Andes on the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, and to the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt current sweeping northward along the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coast of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent .

The south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east trade-wind blows obliquely across the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Ocean until it reaches Brazil . By this time it is heavily laden with vapour, which it continues to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear along across the continent, depositing it and supplying the sources of the Amazon and La See also:

• PLATA, RIO DE LA, or RIVER PLATE

Plata . When the wind rises above the snow-capped Andes, the last particle of moisture is wrung from it that a very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low temperature can See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract . Passing the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of that range, it rushes down as a cool and dry wind on the Pacific slopes beyond . See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

Meeting with no evaporating See also:

• SURFACE

surface, and with no temperature colder than that to which it is subjected on the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-tops, this wind reaches the ocean before it becomes charged with fresh moisture . The constantly prevailing wind on the Peruvian coast is from the south, which is a cold wind from the Humboldt current . As it moves north it becomes gradually warmed and takes up moisture instead of depositing it as rain . From See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to See also:

• APRIL

April there are usually See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant dryness, a clear See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky, and considerable, though by no means oppressive, See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat . From See also:

• JUNE

June to See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September the sky is obscured for See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks tcgether by See also:

• FOG

fog, which is often accompanied by drizzling rain called garua . At the time when it is hottest and driest on the coast it is raining heavily in the Andes, and the rivers are full . When the rivers are at their lowest, the garua prevails on the coast . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of various parts of the coast, however, is modified by See also:

• LOCAL

local circa mstances .

The Western Cordillera, overhanging the Peruvian coast, contains a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long line of volcanic mountains, most of them inactive, but their presence is probably connected with the frequent and severe earthquakes, especially in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the coast . Since 1570 seventy violently destructive earthquakes have been recorded on the west coast of South America, but the See also:

• REGISTER

register is incomplete in its earlier part . The most terrible was that of 1746, which destroyed See also:

• CALLAO

Callao, on the 28th of October, and there were 220 shocks in the following twenty-four See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours . The See also:

• TOWN

town was overwhelmed by a vast See also:

• WAVE

wave, which See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose 8o ft.; and the shocks continued until the following See also:

• FEBRUARY

February . On the 13th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1868 an earthquakenearly destroyed See also:

• AREQUIPA

Arequipa, and See also:

• GREAT

great waves rolled in upon the ports of Arica and See also:

• IQUIQUE

Iquique . On the 9th of May 1877 nearly all the southern ports were overwhelmed . The deserts between the river-valleys vary in extent, the largest being more than 70 m. across . On their western margin steep cliffs generally rise from the sea, above which is the tablazo or See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, in some places slightly undulating, in others with ridges of considerable height rising out of it . The surface is generally hard, but in many places there are large accumulations of drifting sea-See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . The sand usually forms isolated hillocks, called medanos, of a half-See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon shape, having their See also:

• CONVEX

convex sides towards the trade-wind . They are from 10 to 20 ft. high, with an acute See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest, the inner See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side perpendicular, the outer with a steep slope . Sometimes, especially at See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn, there is a musical See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise in the desert, like the See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound of distant drums, which is caused by the eddying of grains of sand in the heated See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, on the crests of the medanos .

Apparently the deserts are destitute of all vegetation ; yet three kinds of herbs exist, which See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury themselves deep in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and survive long periods of drought . One is an amar- Coast See also:

• FLORA

Flora. anthaceous plant, whose stems ramify through the sandhills; the other two are a Martynia and an Aniseia, which maintain a subterranean existence during many years, and only produce leafy stems in those rare seasons when sufficient moisture penetrates to the roots . In a few hollows which are reached by moisture the trees of the desert find support, the algarrobo (Prosopis horrida), a low See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree of very scraggy growth, the vichaya (Capparis crotonoides); and the zapote del perro (Colicodendrum scabridum), See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere shrubs . Near the Cordillera and on its See also:

• LOWER

lower slopes a tall branched See also:

• CACTUS

cactus is met with, and there are Salicornias and Salsolas near the coast . But, when the mists set in, the low hills near the coast bordering the deserts, which are called lomas, undergo a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change as if by magic . A blooming vegetation of See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time covers the barren hills . Near See also:

• LIMA

Lima one of the low ranges is brightened by the beautiful yellow See also:

• LILY

lily called amancaes (Ismene Amancaes) . The other flowers of the lomas are the papita de San Juan (See also:

• BEGONIA (named from M. Begon, a French patron of botany)

Begonia geranifolia), with red petals contrasting with the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white inner sides, valerians, the beautiful Bomarea ovata, several See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• OXALIS

Oxalis, Solanum and crucifers . But this See also:

• CARPET

carpet of flowers is very partially distributed and lasts but a short time . The valleys form a marvellous contrast to the surrounding desert . A great See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green foliage is usually composed of the algarrobo trees, while the course of the river is marked by lines or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of palms, by See also:

• FINE

fine old willows (Salix humboldtiana), See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-gardens, and See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields of See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• SUGAR

sugar-See also:

• CANE

cane and See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa (See also:

• LUCERNE
• LUCERNE (Ger. Luzern; Ital. Lucerne)
• LUCERNE, LAKE OF
• LUCERNE, PURPLE MEDICK

lucerne) . In some valleys there are expanses of sugar-cane, in others cotton, whilst in others vineyards and See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-yards pre-dominate .

The See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods of algarrobo are used for pasture, See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and horses enjoying the pendulous yellow pods . For purposes of description the coast-region of Peru may be divided into five sections, beginning from the north: (1) the See also:

• PIURA

Piura region; (2) the See also:

• LAMBAYEQUE

Lambayeque and See also:

• TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUJILLO
• TRUJILLO, or TRUXILLO

Trujillo section; Sections of (3) the Santa valleys; (4) the section fromLimatoNasca; the Coast . (5) the Arequipa and Tacna section . (1) The great desert-region of Piura extends for nearly 200 m. from the Gulf of Guayaquil to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the Morrope Valley, and is traversed by three rivers—the Tumbes, Chira and Piura, the two former receiving their waters from the inner Cordillera and breaking through the outer range . It is here that the coast of South America extends farthest to the westward until it reaches Capes Blanco and Parina, and then turns southward to the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• PAITA, or PAYTA

Paita . The climate of Piura is modified by the lower See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, and also by the vicinity of the forests of Guayaquil . Fog and garua are much less frequent than in the coast-region farther south, while rain sometimes falls . At intervals of three or four years there are occasional heavy showers of rain from February to April . (2) The second section of the coast-region includes the valleys of the Morrope, the Chiclayo, and Lambayeque, the See also:

• SANA (Send'a)

Sana, the Jequetepeque, the Chicama, Moche, Viru and Chao . With the intervening deserts this section extends over 200 M . All these valleys, except Morrope and Chao, are watered by rivers which have their sources far in the recesses of the mountains, and which furnish an abundant supply in the season when See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation is needed . (3) The third section, also extending for 200 m., contains the valleys of Santa, Nepena, Casma, Huarmey, See also:

• FORTALEZA (usually called CEARA by foreigners)

Fortaleza, Pativilca, Sup6 and Huaura .

The river Santa, which rises in the lake of Conococha, 12,907 ft. above the sea, and has a length of 18o m., is remarkable for its long course between the outer and central ranges of the Andes, in a trough known as the " Callejon de Huaylas," too m. in length . It then breaks through in a deep See also:

• GORGE

gorge, and reaches the sea after a course of 35 m. over the coast-See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt, and after fertilizing a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich valley . The Santa and Nepena valleys are separated by a desert 8 leagues in width, on the shores of which there is a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorage in the bay of See also:

• FERROL [El Ferrol]

Ferrol, where the See also:

• PORT

port of Chimbote is the See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of a railway . The Nepefla, Casma, Huarmey', Fortaleza and Sup6 rivers rise on the slope of an outer range called the Cordillera Negra, and are consequently dry during the great part of the year . See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

Wells are dug in their beds, and the fertility of the valleys is thus maintained . The Pativilca (or Barranca) river and the Huaura break through the outer range from their distant sources in the snowy Cordillera, and have a perennial supply of water . There are 9 leagues of desert between the Nepena and Casma, i6 between the Casma and Huarmey, and i8 between the Huarmey and Fortaleza . The latter desert, much of which is loose sand, is called the See also:

• PAMPA, LA

Pampa de Mata Cavallos, from the number of exhausted animals which See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die there . Between the Supe and Pativilca is the desert called the Pampa del Medio Mundo . (4) The next coast-section extends for over 300 m., from Chancay to Nasca, and includes the rivers of Chancay or Lacha, of Carabayllo, Rimac, Lurin, See also:

• MALA

Mala, Canete, Chincha, Pisco or Chunchanga, See also:

• ICA (YCA, or ECCA)

Ica and Rio Grande . Here the maritime range approaches the ocean, leaving a narrower See also:

• STRIP

strip of coast, but the fertile valleys are closer and more numerous . Those of Carabayllo and Rimac are connected, and the view from the Bay of Callao extends over a vast expanse of fertile See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain bounded by the Andes, with the white towers of Lima in a setting of verdure .

Lurin and Mala are smaller valleys, but the great vale of Canete is one green See also:

• SHEET

sheet of sugar-cane; and narrow strips of desert See also:

• SEPARATE

separate it from the fertile plain of Chincha, and Chincha from the famous vineyards of Pisco . The valleys of Ica, Palpa, San See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier and Nasca are rich and fertile, though they do not extend to the sea; but between Nasca and Acari there is a desert 6o m. in width . (5) The Arequipa and Tacna section extends over 350 M. and comprises the valleys of Acari, Atequipa, Atico, Ocona, Majes or Camana, Quilca, with the interior valley of Arequipa, Tambo, Ilo or Moquegua, Ite or Locumba, Sama, Tacna, and Azapa or Arica . Here the Western Cordillera recedes, and the important valley of Arequipa, though on its western slope, is 7000 ft. above the sea and 90 m. from the coast . Most of the rivers here have their sources in the central range, and are well supplied with water . The coast-valleys through which they flow, especially those of Majes and Locumba, are famous for their vineyards, and in the valley of Tambo there are extensive olive plantations . The coast of Peru has few protected anchorages, and the headlands are generally abrupt and lofty . These and the few islands are Islands. frequented by sea-birds, whence come the See also:

• GUANO (a Spanish word from the Peruvian huanu, dung)

guano- deposits, the retention of See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia and other fertilizing properties being due to the absence of rain . The islets off the coast are all barren and rocky . The most northern is Foca, in 50 13' 30" S., near the coast to the south of Paita . The islands of Lobos de Tierra and Lobos de Afuera (2) in 6° 27' 45" S. and 6° 56' 45" S. respectively, are off the desert of Sechura, and contain deposits of guano . The two Afuera islands are 6o and 36 m. respectively from the coast at the port of San Jose .

The islets of Macabi, in 7 ° 49' 20" S., also have guano deposits, now practically exhausted . The two islets of Guafiape, surrounded by many rocks, in 8° 34' S., contain rich deposits . Chao rises 450 ft. above the sea, off the coast, in 8° 46' 3o" S . Corcobado is in 8° 57' S . La Viuda is off the port of Casma, in 9° 23' 30" S.; and Tortuga is 2 M. distant to the north . Santa Islet lies off the bay of Cosca, in 9° I' 40", and the three high rocks of Ferrol in 9° 8' 3o" S . Farther south there is the See also:

• GROUP

group of islets and rocks called Huaura, in 110 27 S., the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which are El Pelado, Tambillo, Chiquitana, See also:

• BRAVO (Ital. for " brave ")

Bravo, Quitacalzones and Mazorque . The Hormigas are in I° 4' S. and 11° 58', and the See also:

• PESCADORES (i.e. fishers)

Pescadores in 11 ° 47' S . The See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of San Lorenzo, in 12° 4' S., is a lofty mass, 41 M. long by i broad, forming the Bay of Callao; its highest point is 1050 ft . Off its south-east end lies a small but lofty islet called Fronton, and to the south-west are the Palomitas Rocks . Horadada Islet, with a hole through it, is to the south of Callao Point . Off the valley of Lurin are the Pachacamac Islands, the most northern and largest being half a mile long, The next, called San Francisco, is like a sugar-See also:

• LOAF

loaf, perfectly rounded at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top .

The others are mere rocks . See also:

• ASIA

Asia Island is farther south, 17 M. north-west of Cerro Azul, and about a mile in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit . Pisco Bay contains San Gallan Island, high, with a bold cliff outline, 22 M. long by i broad, the Ballista Islets, and farther north the three famous Chincha Islands, whose vast guano deposits are now exhausted . South of the entrance to Pisco Bay is Zarate Island, and farther south the white level islet of Santa Rosa . The Infiernillo See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock is quite See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, about 50 ft. high, in the form of a sugar-loaf, a mile west of the point of Santa Maria, which is near the mouth of the Ica river . Alacran is a small islet off the lofty " morro " of Arica . All these rocks and islets are barren and uninhabitable . The more See also:

• COMMON

common sea-birds are the Sula variegata or guano-See also:

• BIRD

bird, a large See also:

• GULL (Welsh gwylan, Breton, goelann, whence Fr. goeland)
• GULL, SIR WILLIAM WITHEY

gull called the Larus modestus, the Pelecanus thayus, and the Sterna Ynca, a beautiful See also:

• TERN (Norsk taerne, tende or tende; Swedish tarna; Dutch Stern1)

tern with curved white feathers on each side of the head . The rarest of all the gulls is also found on the Peruvian coast, namely, the Xema furcatum . Sea-lions (Otaria forsteri) are common on the rocky islands and promontories . The region of the Cordilleras of the Andes is divided into puna, or lofty uninhabited See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness, and sierra, or inhabitable moun- Sierra. See also:

• TAIN

tain slopes and valleys . This great mountain-See also:

• SYSTEM

system, running south-east to north-west, consists of three chains or cordilleras .

The two chains, which run parallel and near each other on the western side, are of identical origin, and have been separated by the 'action of water during many centuries . On these chains are the volcanoes and many thermal springs . The narrow space between them is for the most part, but not always, a cold and lofty region known as the puna containing alpine lakes the sources of the coast-rivers . The great eastern See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain, rising fromthe See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Amazon and forming the inner See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall of the system, is of distinct origin . These three chains are called the Western or Maritime Cordillera, the Central Cordillera and the Andes . Paz Soldan and other Peruvian geographers give the name of Andes, See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, to the Eastern Cordillera . The Maritime Cordillera of Peru has no connexion with the coast ranges of Chile, but is a continuation of the Cordillera Occidental of Chile, which under various local names forms the eastern margin of the coastal desert belt from See also:

• ATACAMA
• ATACAMA, DESERT OF

Atacama northward into Peru . It contains a See also:

• REGULAR

regular chain of volcanic peaks overlooking the coast-region of Tarapaca . Chief among them are the snowy See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak of Lirima (19,128 ft.) over the ravine of Tarapaca, the See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano of Isluga overhanging Camina, the Bolivian peak of Sajama, and Tocora (19,741 ft.) near the Bolivian frontier . In See also:

• REAR

rear of Moquegua there is a group of volcanic peaks, clustering See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round those of Ubinas and Huaynaputina . A great eruption of Huaynaputina began on the 15th of February 1600 and continued until the 28th . But generally these volcanoes are quiescent .

Farther north the Misti volcano rises over the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Arequipa in a perfect See also:

• CONE (Gr. Kwvos)

cone to a height of over 20,013 ft., and near its base are the hot See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron springs of Yura . The peak of Sarasara, in Parinacochas (See also:

• AYACUCHO

Ayacucho) is 19,500 ft. above the sea, and in the mountains above Lima the passes attain a height of more than 15,000 ft . In latitude io° S. the maritime chain separates into two branches, which run parallel to each other for See also:

• IOO

ioo m., enclosing the remarkable ravine of Callejon de Huaylas—the eastern or See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch being known as the Cordillera See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada and the western as the Cordillera Negra . On the Nevada the peak of Huascan reaches a height of 22,051 ft . The Huandoy peak, above Carhuaz, rises to 21,088 ft.; the Hualcan peak, overhanging the town of Yungay, is 19,945 ft. high; and most of the peaks in this part of the chain reach a height of 19,000 ft . During the rainy season, from October to May, the. sky is generally clear at dawn, and the magnificent snowy peaks are clearly seen . But as the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day advances the clouds collect . In most parts of the Peruvian Andes the line of perpetual snow is at 16,400 ft.; but on the Cordillera Nevada, above the Callejon de Huaylas, it sinks to 15,400 ft . This greater cold is caused by the intervention of the Cordillera Negra, which intercepts the warmth from the coast . As this lower chain does not reach the snow-line, the streams rising from it are scanty, while the Santa, Pativilca and other coast-rivers which break through it from sources in the snowy chain have a greater volume from the melted snows . At the point where the river Santa breaks through the Cordillera Negra that range begins to subside, while the Maritime Cordillera continues as one chain to and beyond the frontier of Ecuador . The Central Cordillera is the true water-parting of the system .

No river, except the Maranon, breaks through it either to the east or west, while more than twenty coast streams rise on its slopes and force their way through the maritime chain . The Central Cordillera consists mainly of crystalline and volcanic rocks, on each side of which are aqueous, in great part See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic, strata thrown up almost vertically . In 14° 30' S. the central chain is connected with the Eastern Andes by the transverse mountain-See also:

• KNOT
• KNOT (O.E. cnotta, from a Teutonic stem knutt; cf. " knit," and Ger. knoten)

knot of Vilcafiota, the peak of that name being 17,651 ft. above the sea . The great inland basin of Lake Titicaca is thus formed . The central chain continues to run parallel with the Maritime Cordillera until, at Cerro Pasco, another transverse knot connects it with the Andes in 10° 30' S. lat . It then continues northward, separating the basins of the Maranon and Huallaga; and at the northern frontier of Peru it is at length broken through by the Maranon flowing eastward . The Eastern Andes is a magnificent range in the southern part el Peru, of See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian formation, with talcose and See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay slates, See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man} See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz See also:

• VEINS

veins and eruptions of granitic rocks . Mr See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes says that the peaks of Illampu (21,709 ft.) and Illimani (21,014 ft.) in Bolivia are Silurian and fossiliferous to their summits . The eastern range is cut through by six rivers in Peru, namely, the Maranon and Huallaga; the Perene, Mantaro, See also:

• APURIMAC

Apurimac, Vilcamayu and Paucartambo, the last five being tributaries of the Ucayali . The range of the Andes in south Peru has a high plateau to the west and the vast plains of the Amazonian basin to the east . The whole range is highly auriferous, and the thickness of the strata is not less than 10,000 ft . It is nowhere disturbed by volcanic eruptions, except at the very edge of the formation near Lake Titicaca, and in this respect it differs essentially from the Maritime Cordillera .

To the eastward numerous spurs extend for varying distances into the great plain of the See also:

• AMAZONS

Amazons . The Andes lose their majestic height to the northward; and beyond Cerro Pasco the eastern chain sinks into a lower range between the Huallaga and Ucayali . But throughout the length of . Peru the three ranges are clearly defined . For purposes of description the sierra of Peru may be divided into four sections, each embracing portions of . all three ranges . The first, from the north, comprises the upper basins Sections of of the Maranon and the Huallaga, and is 350 in. long by Sierra . Too broad . The second extends from the Knot of Cerro Pasco to Ayacucho, about 200 m., including the Lake of Chinchay-cocha and the basin of the river Xauxa . The third or See also:

• CUZCO

Cuzco section extends 250 in. to the Knot of Vilcanota with the basins of the See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

Pampas, Apurimac, Vilcamayu and Paucartambo . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth is the basin of Lake Titicaca . Lake See also:

• JUNIN

Junin, or Chinchay-cocha, in the second section, is 36 m. long by 7 m. broad, and 13,232 ft. above the sea . Its marshy See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks See also:

• ATE

ate overgrown with reeds and inhabited by numerous water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl .

From this lake the river Xauxa flows southwards through a populous valley for 15o m. before entering the forests . Lake Titicaca (see BOLIVIA),in the fourth or most southern section, is divided between Peru and Bolivia . It receives a number of short streams from the ranges shutting in the upper end of the valley; the largest is the Ramiz, formed by the two streams of Pucara and Azangaro, both coming from the Knot of Vilcanota to the north . The Suches, which has its source in Lake Suches, falls into Lake Titicaca on the north-west side, as well as the Yllpa and Ylave . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal islands are Titicaca and See also:

• COATI

Coati (at the south end near the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula of Copacabana), Campanaria (9 in. from the east See also:

• SHORE

shore), See also:

• SOTO, FERDINANDO [FERNANDO, Or HERNANDO] DE (1496?—1542)

Soto and Esteves . There are two other lakes in the Celiac), as the elevated region round Titicaca is called . Lake Arapa, a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from the northern shore of Titicaca, is 30 M. in circumference . Lake Umayo is on higher ground to the westward . The lake in Peru which is third in See also:

• SIZE

size is that of Parinacochas on the coast See also:

• WATERSHED

watershed, near the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the snowy peak of Sarasara . It is 12 m. long by 6 broad, but has never been visited and described by any modern traveller . The smaller alpine lakes, often forming the sources of rivers, are numerous . The great rivers of the sierra are the Maranon, rising in the lake of Lauricocha and flowing northward in a deep gorge between the Maritime and Central Cordilleras for 350 m., when it forces its way through the mountains at the famous Pongo de Manseriche and enters the Amazonian plain .

The Huallaga rises north of Cerro Pasco, and, passing See also:

• HUANUCO

Huanuco, flows northwards on the other side of the Central Cordillera for 300 m . It breaks through the range at the Pongo de Chasuta and falls into the Maranon . The other great rivers are tributaries of the Ucayali . The Pozuzu, flowing east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward from the Knot of Cerro Pasco, joins the Pachitea, which is the most important northern affluent of the Ucayali . The Xauxa, becoming afterwards the Mantaro, receives the drainage of Xauxa, See also:

• HUANCAVELICA

Huancavelica and Ayacucho . The southern valleys of this part of the sierra furnish streams which form the main rivers of Pampas, Pachachaca and Apurimac . These, uniting with the Mantaro, form the See also:

• ERIE

Erie, and the Ene and Perene (which drains the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of Tambo) form the Tambo . The Vilcamayu rises on the Knot of Vilcanota, flows north through a lovely valley, received the Yanatilde and Paucartambo on its right hank, and, uniting with the Tambo, forms the Ucayali . Most of these main streams flow through pro-found See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges in a tropical climate, while the upper slopes yield products of the temperate See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone, and the plateaus above are_cold and See also:

• BLEAK, or BLICK (Alburnus lucidus)

bleak, affording only pasture and the hardiest cereals . The great variety of See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation within the sierra produces vegetation belonging to every zone . There is a tropical flora in the Slerran deep gorges, higher up a sub-tropical, then a See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper-Fl~aand ate, then a sub-See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic flora . In ascending from the See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna. coast-valleys there is first an arid range, where the great-branched cacti rear themselves up among the rocks .

.••P!-rther inland, where the rains are more plentiful, is the native See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home' of the See also:

• POTATO
• POTATO (Solanum tuberosum)

potato . Here also are other See also:

• PLANTS

plants with edible toots—the oca (Oxalis tuberosa), ulluca (Ullucus tuberosus), maslita (Tropteolum tuberosum), and learc6 (Polymnia sonchifolia) . Among the first wild shrubs and trees that are met with are the chilca (Baccharis Feuillei), with a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty yellow See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower, the Mutisia acuminata, with beautiful red and See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange flowers, several species of Senecio, calceolarias, the Schinus molle, with its graceful branches and bunohes of red berries, and at higher elevations the lambras (Alnus acuminata), the See also:

• SAUCE