PETER  , " the Cruel," See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• CASTILE, or CASTILLE (Castilla)

Castile (1333-1369), son of See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso XI. and Maria, daughter of Alphonso IV. of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1333 . He earned for himself the reputation of monstrous See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty which is indicatd by the accepted See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title . In later ages, when the royal authority was thoroughly established, there was a reaction in Peter's favour, and an alternative name was found for him . It became a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion to speak of him as El Jusliciero, the executor of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice . Apologists were found to say that he had only killed men who themselves would not submit to the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law or respect the rights of others . There is this amount of See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the plea, that the chronicler See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez de See also:

• AYALA, DON PEDRO LOPEZ DE (1332–1407)

Ayala, who fought against him, has confessed that theking's fall was regretted by the merchants and traders, who enjoyed See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security under his See also:

• RULE

rule . Peter began to reign at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen, and found himself subjected to the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother and her favourites . He was immoral, and unfaithful to his wife, as his See also:

• FATHER

father had been . But Alphonso XI. did not imprison his wife, or cause her to be murdered . Peter certainly did the first, and there can be little doubt that he did the second . He had not even the excuse that he was passionately in love with his See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress, Maria de See also:

• PADILLA, JUAN LOPEZ DE

Padilla; for, at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when he asserted that he was married to her, and when he was undoubtedly married to See also:

• BLANCHE, JACQUES EMILE (1861– )

Blanche of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, he went through the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady of the See also:

• FAMILY

family of See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro, who See also:

• BORE

bore him a son, and then deserted her . Maria de Padilla was only the one lady of his See also:

• HAREM

harem of whom he never became quite tired .

At first he was controlled by his mother, but emancipated himself with the encouragement of the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque and became attached to Maria de Padilla . Maria turned him against Albuquerque . In 1354 the king was practically coerced by his mother and the nobles into marrying Blanche of Bourbon, but deserted her at once . A See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of turmoil followed in which the king was for a time overpowered and in effect imprisoned . The dissensions of the party which was striving to coerce him enabled him to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from See also:

• TORO

Toro, where he was under observation, to See also:

• SEGOVIA

Segovia . From 1356 to 1366 he was See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, and was engaged in continual See also:

• WARS

wars with See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon, in which he showed neither ability nor daring . It was during this period that he perpetrated the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of murders which made him odious . He confided in nobody See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, who were his tax-gatherers, or the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan guard he had about him . The profound hatred of the Christians for the Jews and Mudejares, or Mahommedans settled among them, See also:

• DATES

dates from the years in which they were the agents of his unbridled tyranny . In 1366 he was assailed by his See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry of Trastamara at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a See also:

• HOST

host of soldiers of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune, and fled the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom without daring to give See also:

• BATTLE

battle . Almost his last See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain was to See also:

• MURDER

murder Suero, the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, and the See also:

• DEAN (Lat. decanus, derived from the Gr. 8eaa, ten)
• DEAN, FOREST OF

dean, Peralvarez . Peter now took See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince, by whom he was restored in the following See also:

• YEAR

year .

But he disgusted his ally by his faithlessness and ferocity . The See also:

• HEALTH

health of the Black Prince See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke down, and he See also:

• LEFT

left Spain . When thrown on his own resources, Peter was soon overthrown by his brother Henry, with the aid of See also:

• BERTRAND, HENRI GRATIEN, COMTE (1773-1844)

Bertrand du Guesclin and a See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• FREE

free companions . He was murdered by Henry in du Guesclin's See also:

• TENT

tent on the 23rd of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1369 . His daughters by Maria de Padilla, See also:

• CONSTANCE
• CONSTANCE (Ger. Konstanz or Costnitz)
• CONSTANCE, COUNCIL OF
• CONSTANCE, LAKE OF (called by the Romans Lacus Brigantinus or lake of Bregenz, and now usually named in German Bodensee, as well as the " Swabian Sea ")

Constance and See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella, were respectively married to See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Gaunt, and See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, sons of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III., king of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ORIGINAL

original but hostile authority for the See also:

• LIFE

life of Peter the Cruel is the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle of the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor Pero Lopez de Ayala (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid .1779–1780) . A brilliantly written Life is that by Prosper M6rim6e, Hist. de See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Padre I., roi de Castille (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1848) . (D .