See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

PETER See also:

• DES

DES ROCHES (d. 1238)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• WINCHESTER
• WINCHESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Winchester under See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III., and conspicuous among the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign favourites to whom these sovereigns owed much of their unpopularity, was a Poitevin by extraction . He received the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of chamber-lain towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard's reign, and under Richard's successor became an influential counsellor . In 1205, doubtless through John's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, he was elected to the see of Winchester . His See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election was disputed but, on See also:

• APPEAL

appeal, confirmed by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., who honoured See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter by consecrating him in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . None the less, the new bishop stood by his royal See also:

• PATRON

patron during the whole See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict . In 1213 he was made See also:

• JUSTICIAR (med. Lat. justiciarius or justitiarius, a judge)

justiciar in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey Fitz Peter . This promotion was justified by the fidelity with which Peter supported the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king through the barons' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . At the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln (1217) Peter led a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the royal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and earned some distinction by his valour; but he played a secondary See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal held the regency . After Marshal's See also:

• DEATH

death (1219) Peter led the baronial opposition to See also:

• HUBERT (HUCBERTUS, HUGBERTUS), ST (d. 727)

Hubert de See also:

• BURGH [BOURKE, BURKE]
• BURGH, HUBERT DE (d. 1243)

Burgh, with varying success . At first the justiciar was successful . In 1221 Peter meditated going on crusade; 1223-1224 saw his party broken up by Hubert's energetic See also:

• MEASURES

measures; in 1227 was himself dismissed from his office and turned his back on See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to join the crusade of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II . He was absent from England until 1231; but in the meantime enhanced his reputation both as a soldier and diplomatist .

After the fall of De Burgh he kept in the back-ground, but offices and honours were heaped on his dependants, especially on his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, Peter See also:

• DES

des See also:

• RIEVAULX

Rievaulx, and other Poitevins . This foreign party triumphed over the revolt which was headed by Richard Marshal in 1233 . But the See also:

• PRIMATE (from Low Lat. primas=one who held the first place, primas partes)

primate, See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

Rich, voiced the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general feeling when he denounced Peter as a See also:

• MISCHIEF

mischief maker, and demanded that he should be dismissed from See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . The king complied, and threatened the bishop with charges of malversation . Peter was how-ever permitted to leave the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country with a See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon (1235); he conciliated See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory IX. by rendering efficient aid in a war with the citizens of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (1235); and in the next See also:

• YEAR

year returned without molestation to his see . He was invited to go as the king's See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy to the court of Frederick II., but refused apparently on the See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of See also:

• ILL

ill See also:

• HEALTH

health . His public reconciliation with De Burgh (1236), effected through the See also:

• MEDIATION (Lat. medius, middle)

mediation of the papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, provided a dramatic close to their long rivalry, but had no See also:

• POLITICAL

political significance, since both were now living in retirement . Peter died in 1238, and was buried at Winchester . He was undoubtedly a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of a winning See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good diplomat and financier, a statesman whose unpopularity was due in some measure to his freedom from the insularity of the Englishmen, against whom he matched himself . But his name is associated with a worthless clique of favourites, and with the first steps which were taken by Henry III. to establish a feeble and corrupt See also:

• AUTOCRACY (Gr. abroepareca, absolute power)

autocracy . See C . See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

Petit Dutaillis, See also:

• VIE

Vie et regne de See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VIII .

(See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1894) ; Lecointre See also:

• DUPONT, PIERRE (1821-1870)

Dupont, See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre des Roches (See also:

• POITIERS

Poitiers, 1868) ; See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs's Constitutional See also:

• HISTORY

History of England, vol. ii . ; H . W . C . See also:

• DAVIS (or DAVYS), JOHN (1550 ?-16o5)
• DAVIS, ANDREW JACKSON (1826—1910)
• DAVIS, CHARLES HOWARD (1857- )
• DAVIS, CUSHMAN KELLOGG (1838-1900)
• DAVIS, HENRY WILLIAM BANKS (1833- )
• DAVIS, HENRY WINTER (1817-1865)
• DAVIS, JEFFERSON (1808–1889)
• DAVIS, THOMAS OSBORNE (1814–1845)

Davis, England under the See also:

• NORMANS

Normans and Angevins (19o5) ; T . F . Tout in the Political History of England, vol. iii . (1905) . (H . W . C .