Online Encyclopedia

Search over 40,000 articles from the original, classic Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition.

PETER LOMBARD (c. 11oo-c. 116o)

Online Encyclopedia
Originally appearing in Volume V21, Page 293 of the 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica.
Spread the word: del.icio.us del.icio.us it!

See also:

PETER LOMBARD (c. 11oo-c. 116o)  , See also:bishop of See also:Paris, better known as Magister sententiarum, the son of obscure parents, was See also:born about the beginning of the 12th See also:century, at See also:Novara (then reckoned as belonging to See also:Lombardy) . After receiving his See also:education at See also:Bologna, he removed to See also:France, bearing a recommendation to See also:Bernard of See also:Clairvaux, who first placed him under Lotolf at See also:Reims, and afterwards sent him to Paris with letters to Gilduin, the See also:abbot of St See also:Victor . He soon became known as a teacher, and obtained a theological See also:chair in the See also:cathedral school . His famous textbook, the Sententiae, was written between 1145 and 1150 . On the 29th of See also:June 1159 he became bishop of Paris . The accounts of his bishopric are satisfactory . There is a See also:charge that he was guilty of See also:simony, having received his See also:office through the favour of See also:Philip, See also:brother of See also:Louis VII., his former See also:pupil . The date of his See also:death is uncertain . According to one See also:account he died on the loth of See also:July 116o, and as See also:Maurice de See also:Sully became bishop that See also:year the statement seems probable . Yet there is See also:evidence for a later date, and he may have been set aside for simony . His famous theological handbook, Sententiarum libri quatuor, is, as the See also:title implies, primarily a collection of opinions of the fathers, " sententiae patrum." These are arranged, professedly on the basis of the See also:aphorism of See also:Augustine, Lombard's favourite authority, that " omnis doccrina vel rerum est vel signorum," into four books, of which the first treats of See also:God, the second of the creature, the third of the incarnation, the See also:work of redemption, and the virtues, and the See also:fourth of the seven sacraments and See also:eschatology . The Sententiae show the See also:influence of See also:Abelard, both in method and arrangement, but lack entirely the daring of Sic et Non .

Compared with that See also:

book they are tame . See also:Gratian's See also:Concordia discordantium canonum, as he called his Decretum, was another strong influence, Lombard doing in a sense for See also:theology what Gratian did for the See also:canon See also:law . The influence of See also:Hugh of St Victor is also marked . The relation to the " sentences " of a Gandulph of Bologna (still unpublished) has not been established . The most important thing in the book was its See also:crystallization of the See also:doctrine concerning the sacramental See also:system, by the definite assertion of the doctrine of the seven sacraments, and the See also:acceptance of a See also:definition of See also:sacrament, not merely as "a sign of a sacred thing," but as itself " capable of conveying the See also:grace of which it is the sign." The sentences soon attained immense popularity, ultimately becoming the See also:text-book in almost every theological school, and giving rise to endless commentaries, over 18o of these being written in See also:England . In 1300 the theological professorsof Paris agreed in the rejection of sixteen propositions taken from Lombard, but their decision was far from obtaining universal currency . Besides the Sententiae, Lombard wrote numerous commentaries (e.g. on the See also:Psalms, See also:Canticles, See also:Job, the See also:Gospel See also:Harmony, and the Pauline Epistles), sermons and letters, which still exist in MS . The Glossae seu commentarius in psalmos Davidis, were first published at Paris in 1533 . Lombard's collected See also:works have been published in J . P . See also:Migne's Patrologie latine, Tome 191 and 192 . See also Denifle and See also:Chatelain, Chartularium universitatis parisiensis, Tome i .

(Paris, 1889) ; Protois, See also:

Pierre Lombard, son epoque, sa See also:vie, ses ecrits, son influence (Paris, 1881) ; Kogel, Petrus Lombard in seiner Stellung zur Philosophic See also:des Mittelalters (See also:Leipzig, 1897) ; A . See also:Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, Bd. iii . (189o; Eng. trans . 1894—1899) ; and the See also:article in See also:Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopddie, Bd. xi . (Leipzig, 1902) .

End of Article: PETER LOMBARD (c. 11oo-c. 116o)
[back]
PETER IV
[next]
PETER OF AIGUEBLANCHE (d. 1268)

Additional information and Comments

There are no comments yet for this article.
» Add information or comments to this article.
Please link directly to this article:
Highlight the code below, right click and select "copy." Paste it into a website, email, or other HTML document.