See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

PETER LOMBARD (c. 11oo-c. 116o)  , See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, better known as Magister sententiarum, the son of obscure parents, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about the beginning of the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, at See also:

• NOVARA

Novara (then reckoned as belonging to See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy) . After receiving his See also:

• EDUCATION

education at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, he removed to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, bearing a recommendation to See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard of See also:

• CLAIRVAUX

Clairvaux, who first placed him under Lotolf at See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, and afterwards sent him to Paris with letters to Gilduin, the See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of St See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor . He soon became known as a teacher, and obtained a theological See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair in the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral school . His famous textbook, the Sententiae, was written between 1145 and 1150 . On the 29th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1159 he became bishop of Paris . The accounts of his bishopric are satisfactory . There is a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge that he was guilty of See also:

• SIMONY

simony, having received his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office through the favour of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis VII., his former See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . The date of his See also:

• DEATH

death is uncertain . According to one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account he died on the loth of See also:

• JULY

July 116o, and as See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice de See also:

• SULLY, JAMES (1842– )
• SULLY, MAXIMILIEN DE BETHUNE
• SULLY, THOMAS (1783—1872)

Sully became bishop that See also:

• YEAR

year the statement seems probable . Yet there is See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for a later date, and he may have been set aside for simony . His famous theological handbook, Sententiarum libri quatuor, is, as the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title implies, primarily a collection of opinions of the fathers, " sententiae patrum." These are arranged, professedly on the basis of the See also:

• APHORISM
• APHORISM (from the Gr. a4oA'ecv, to define)

aphorism of See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, Lombard's favourite authority, that " omnis doccrina vel rerum est vel signorum," into four books, of which the first treats of See also:

• GOD

God, the second of the creature, the third of the incarnation, the See also:

• WORK

work of redemption, and the virtues, and the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of the seven sacraments and See also:

• ESCHATOLOGY
• ESCHATOLOGY (Gr. &rXaros, last, and A6yos, science; the " doctrine of last things ")

eschatology . The Sententiae show the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• ABELARD, PETER (1079-1142)

Abelard, both in method and arrangement, but lack entirely the daring of Sic et Non .

Compared with that See also:

• BOOK

book they are tame . See also:

• GRATIAN (FLAvrus GRATIANUS AUGUSTUS)

Gratian's See also:

• CONCORDIA
• CONCORDIA (mod. Concordia Sagittaria)

Concordia discordantium canonum, as he called his Decretum, was another strong influence, Lombard doing in a sense for See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology what Gratian did for the See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . The influence of See also:

• HUGH
• HUGH, ST

Hugh of St Victor is also marked . The relation to the " sentences " of a Gandulph of Bologna (still unpublished) has not been established . The most important thing in the book was its See also:

• CRYSTALLIZATION

crystallization of the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine concerning the sacramental See also:

• SYSTEM

system, by the definite assertion of the doctrine of the seven sacraments, and the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of a See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition of See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament, not merely as "a sign of a sacred thing," but as itself " capable of conveying the See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of which it is the sign." The sentences soon attained immense popularity, ultimately becoming the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-book in almost every theological school, and giving rise to endless commentaries, over 18o of these being written in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In 1300 the theological professorsof Paris agreed in the rejection of sixteen propositions taken from Lombard, but their decision was far from obtaining universal currency . Besides the Sententiae, Lombard wrote numerous commentaries (e.g. on the See also:

• PSALMS, BOOK
• PSALMS, BOOK OF, or PSALTER

Psalms, See also:

• CANTICLES

Canticles, See also:

• JOB

Job, the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

Harmony, and the Pauline Epistles), sermons and letters, which still exist in MS . The Glossae seu commentarius in psalmos Davidis, were first published at Paris in 1533 . Lombard's collected See also:

• WORKS

works have been published in J . P . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Patrologie latine, Tome 191 and 192 . See also Denifle and See also:

• CHATELAIN (Med. Lat. castellanus, from castellum, a castle)

Chatelain, Chartularium universitatis parisiensis, Tome i .

(Paris, 1889) ; Protois, See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Lombard, son epoque, sa See also:

• VIE

vie, ses ecrits, son influence (Paris, 1881) ; Kogel, Petrus Lombard in seiner Stellung zur Philosophic See also:

• DES

des Mittelalters (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1897) ; A . See also:

• HARNACK, ADOLF (1851– )

Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, Bd. iii . (189o; Eng. trans . 1894—1899) ; and the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopddie, Bd. xi . (Leipzig, 1902) .