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See also: bishop of See also: Paris, better known as Magister sententiarum, the son of obscure parents, was See also: born about the beginning of the 12th century, at See also: Novara (then reckoned as belonging to See also: Lombardy)
.
After receiving his See also: education at Bologna, he removed to See also: France, bearing a recommendation to See also: Bernard of See also: Clairvaux, who first placed him under Lotolf at See also: Reims, and afterwards sent him to Paris with letters to Gilduin, the See also: abbot of St Victor
.
He soon became known as a teacher, and obtained a theological chair in the
See also: cathedral school
.
His famous textbook, the Sententiae, was written between 1145 and 1150
.
On the 29th of See also: June 1159 he became bishop of Paris
.
The accounts of his bishopric are satisfactory
.
There is a See also: charge that he was guilty of See also: simony, having received his office through the favour of See also: Philip,
See also: brother of See also: Louis VII., his former pupil
.
The date of his
See also: death is uncertain
.
According to one account he died on the loth of See also: July 116o, and as See also: Maurice de Sully became bishop that See also: year the statement seems probable
.
Yet there is evidence for a later date, and he may have been set aside for simony
.
His famous theological handbook, Sententiarum libri quatuor, is, as the title implies, primarily a collection of opinions of the fathers, " sententiae patrum." These are arranged, professedly on the basis of the aphorism of Augustine, Lombard's favourite authority, that " omnis doccrina vel rerum est vel signorum," into four books, of which the first treats of See also: God, the second of the creature, the third of the incarnation, the See also: work of redemption, and the virtues, and the See also: fourth of the seven sacraments and See also: eschatology
.
The Sententiae show the influence of See also: Abelard, both in method and arrangement, but lack entirely the daring of Sic et Non
.
Compared with that See also: book they are tame
.
See also: Gratian's Concordia discordantium canonum, as he called his Decretum, was another strong influence, Lombard doing in a sense for See also: theology what Gratian did for the See also: canon See also: law
.
The influence of Hugh of St Victor is also marked
.
The relation to the " sentences " of a Gandulph of Bologna (still unpublished) has not been established
.
The most important thing in the book was its See also: crystallization of the See also: doctrine concerning the sacramental See also: system, by the definite assertion of the doctrine of the seven sacraments, and the acceptance of a definition of See also: sacrament, not merely as "a sign of a sacred thing," but as itself " capable of conveying the See also: grace of which it is the sign." The sentences soon attained immense popularity, ultimately becoming the text-book in almost every theological school, and giving rise to endless commentaries, over 18o of these being written in See also: England
.
In 1300 the theological professorsof Paris agreed in the rejection of sixteen propositions taken from Lombard, but their decision was far from obtaining universal currency
.
Besides the Sententiae, Lombard wrote numerous commentaries (e.g. on the Psalms, See also: Canticles, See also: Job, the Gospel Harmony, and the Pauline Epistles), sermons and letters, which still exist in MS
.
The Glossae seu commentarius in psalmos Davidis, were first published at Paris in 1533
.
Lombard's collected See also: works have been published in J
.
P
.
See also: Migne's Patrologie latine, Tome 191 and 192
.
See also Denifle and Chatelain, Chartularium universitatis parisiensis, Tome i
.
(Paris, 1889) ; Protois, See also: Pierre Lombard, son epoque, sa See also: vie, ses ecrits, son influence (Paris, 1881) ; Kogel, Petrus Lombard in seiner Stellung zur Philosophic See also: des Mittelalters (See also: Leipzig, 1897) ; A
.
See also: Harnack, Dogmengeschichte, Bd. iii
.
(189o; Eng. trans
.
1894—1899) ; and the article in Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopddie, Bd. xi
.
(Leipzig, 1902)
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