See also:

• PEW (Mid. Eng. puwe, through O. Fr. puya, pui, mod, puy, in the sense of hill, cf. appuyer, to lean against; from Lat. podium, a high place, balcony; Gr. lrb&ov, pedestal, 'roes, foot)

PEW (See also:

• MID

Mid. Eng. puwe, through O. Fr. puya, pui, mod, See also:

• PUY

puy, in the sense of See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill, cf. appuyer, to lean against; from See also:

• LAT

Lat. See also:

• PODIUM (Gr. lr66tov, diminutive of ?roils, foot)

podium, a high See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony; Gr. lrb&ov, See also:

• PEDESTAL (Fr. piedestal, Ital. piedestallo, foot of a stall)

pedestal, 'roes, See also:

• FOOT

foot)  , a See also:

• TERM

term, in its most usual meaning, for a fixed seat in a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, usually enclosed, slightly raised from the floors, and composed of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood framing, mostly with ornamented ends . Some See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench ends are certainly of Decorated See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and some have been considered to be of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . They are sometimes of See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, 21 to 3 in. thick, chamfered, and with a necking and See also:

• FINIAL (a variant of " final "; Lat. finis, end)

finial generally called a See also:

• POPPY

poppy See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head; others are plainly panelled with bold cappings; in others the panels are ornamented with See also:

• TRACERY

tracery or with the See also:

• LINEN

linen See also:

• PATTERN

pattern, and sometimes with See also:

• RUNNING

running foliages . The large pews with high enclosures, curtains, &c., known familiarly as " See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-boxes," and See also:

• COMMON

common in English See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish churches during the 18th and early See also:

• PART

part of the 19th centuries, have nearly all been cleared away . The parish church an unaltered interior . The Latin word See also:

• PODIUM (Gr. lr66tov, diminutive of ?roils, foot)

podium was particularly applied to a See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony or See also:

• PARAPET (Ital. parapetto, Fr. parapet, from para, imperative of Ital. porare, to cover, defend, and petto, breast, Lat. pectus; the German word is Brustwehr)

parapet next to the See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

arena in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre where the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and other distinguished persons sat . According to Du Cange (Glossarium, s.ve podium), it is found in See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Latin for a bench (subsellium) for the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor canons at a church in See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons (1343), and also for a kneeling See also:

• STOOL

stool in a monastic church . The word " See also:

• PEW (Mid. Eng. puwe, through O. Fr. puya, pui, mod, puy, in the sense of hill, cf. appuyer, to lean against; from Lat. podium, a high place, balcony; Gr. lrb&ov, pedestal, 'roes, foot)

pew " in English was often used for a See also:

• STALL (0. Eng. steall, stael, cf. Du. stal, Ger. and Swed. Stall, a common Teutonic word for a place, station, place for standing in; the root is the Indo-European std–, to stand, seen also in Latin stabulum, Greek vraO bs, and in stallion, an entire hors

stall for the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, for a See also:

• READING

reading See also:

• DESK (from Lat. discus, quoit, in med. sense of " table," cf. " dish " and Ger. Tisch, table, from same source)

desk, or for a See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit . The See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor space of the See also:

• NAVE

nave and transepts of medieval churches was usually open, mats being sometimes provided for kneeling, and if any fixed seats were provided these would be for the patrons of the church or for distinguished See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Some enclosed seats, however, seem to have been reserved for See also:

• WOMEN

women, as is seen in Piers Plowman, ch. vii . 144, " Among wyves and wodewes ich am ywoned sitte yparroked in puwes." They did not come into See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use till the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 15th or beginning of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century (see Gasquet, Parish See also:

• LIFE

Life in Medieval See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . (1906, pp .

62 and 133) . Over the few seats thus allotted dispute arose and attempts were made to appropriate them . Thus the constitutions for the See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod of See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up by See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Quivel in 1287, forbid any one " to claim any sitting in the church as his own ... . Whoever first comes to pray, let him take what See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place he wishes in which to pray." At common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law all seats in a parish church are for the common use of all the parishioners, and every parishioner has a right to a seat without paying for it . The disposition of the seats is in the discretion of the churchwardens acting for the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary for the purpose of orderly arrangement (as to the exercise of this discretion see See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds v . Monckton, 1841, 2 M . & R . 384), and this can be exercised in cases where all the seats are See also:

• FREE

free (See also:

• ASHER

Asher v . Calcraft, 1887, 18 Q.B.D . 607) . The right to a seat does not belong to a non-parishioner . As against the See also:

• ASSIGNMENT, ASSIGNATION, ASSIGNEE

assignment and disposition of seats by the ordinary, acting through the church-wardens, two kinds of See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation can be set up (a) by the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of a See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty by the ordinary, and (b) by See also:

• PRESCRIPTION

prescription, based on the presumption of a lost faculty .

Such faculties are rarely granted now; they were formerly common; the grant was to a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man and his See also:

• FAMILY

family " so See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as they remain inhabitants of a certain See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in the parish "; the words " of a certain house " are now usually omitted . The claim to a pew by prescription must be in respect of a house in the parish; the right is subject to the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of repairing the pew; it is not an See also:

• EASEMENT (Fr. aise; O. Fr. aisement; Anglo-Lat. aisiamentum, a privilege or convenience)

easement, nor does the Prescription See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act 1832 apply to it (see for the whole subject of a claim by prescription See also:

• PHILLIPS
• PHILLIPS, ADELAIDE (1833-1882)
• PHILLIPS, EDWARD (163o-1696)
• PHILLIPS, JOHN (1800—1874)
• PHILLIPS, SAMUEL (1814—1854)
• PHILLIPS, STEPHEN (1868– )
• PHILLIPS, THOMAS (1770-1845)
• PHILLIPS, WENDELL (1811-1884)

Phillips v . See also:

• HALLIDAY, ANDREW [ANDREW HALLIDAY DUFF] (1830-1877)

Halliday, 1891, A.C . 228) . The letting of pews in parish churches became common in the 16th century, but there are some earlier instances of the use, for example at St Ewens, See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol, in 1455 (Churchwardens' Accounts, See also:

• SIR

Sir J . Maclean, Trans . Bristol and See also:

• GLOUCESTER
• GLOUCESTER (abbreviated as pronounced Glo'ster)
• GLOUCESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• GLOUCESTER, GILBERT DE CLARE, EARL OF (1243-1295)
• GLOUCESTER, RICHARD DE CLARE, EARL OF (1222-1262)
• GLOUCESTER, ROBERT, EARL OF (d. 1147)
• GLOUCESTER, THOMAS OF WOODSTOCK, DUKE

Gloucester Archaeol . Assoc., vol. xv., 189o—1891) . The taking of pew rents in parish churches is illegal (See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• STOWELL, WILLIAM SCOTT, BARON (1745-1836)

Stowell, in See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter v . See also:

• GUNNER, or MASTER GUNNER

Gunner, 1798, 3 See also:

• HAG

Hag . Consist . 817); but under the various Church See also:

• BUILDING

Building Acts seats may be let and rents charged to pay the See also:

• SALARY

salary of the minister, &c .

See A . Heales, See also:

• HISTORY

History and Law of Church Seats and Pews (1872) ; See also:

• PHILLIMORE, SIR ROBERT JOSEPH (1810-1885)

Phillimore, See also:

• ECCLES

Eccles . Law (1896), ii . 1424 seq .