See also:

• PHALLICISM, or PHALLISM (from Gr. cbaXAos)

PHALLICISM, or PHALLISM (from Gr. cbaXAos)  , an anthropological See also:

• TERM

term applied to that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of nature See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship in which See also:

• ADORATION (Lat. ad, to, and os, mouth; i.e. " carrying to one's mouth ")

adoration is paid to the generative See also:

• FUNCTION

function symbolized by the phallus, the male See also:

• ORGAN

organ . It is See also:

• COMMON

common among See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive peoples, especially in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, and had been prominent also among more advanced peoples, e.g. the Phoenicians and the Greeks . In its most elementary form it is associated with frankly orgiastic See also:

• RITES

rites . This aspect remains in more advanced forms, but gradually it tends to give See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to the joyous recognition of the principle of natural See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction . In See also:

• GREECE

Greece for example, where See also:

• PHALLICISM, or PHALLISM (from Gr. cbaXAos)

phallicism was the essence of the Dionysiac worship and a phallic revel was the origin of See also:

• COMEDY

comedy (see also See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

HERMES), the purely material and the symbolical aspects no doubt existed See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side; the Orphic mysteries had to the intellectual Greeks a significance wholly different from that which they had to the common See also:

• PEOPLE

people . Phallic worship is specially interesting as a form of sympathetic magic: observing the fertilizing effect of See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun and See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain, the See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage sought to promote the growth of vegetation in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring by means of symbolic sexual See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence . Such were the rites which shocked Jewish writers in connexion with the worship of See also:

• BAAL

Baal and Astaroth (see BAAL, and cf . See also:

• ATARGATIS

ATARGATIS, See also:

• ISHTAR

ISHTAR) . The same principle is at the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the widespread nature worship of See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, whose See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief deity, the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• MOTHER

Mother of the Gods (q.v.), is the personification of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's fertility: similarly in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India worship is paid to divine mothers . Generally it should be observed that phallic worship is not specially or perhaps primarily paid to male deities, though commonly the more important deity is accompanied by a See also:

• COMPANION (through the O. Fr. compaignon or compagnon, from the Late Lat. companio,—cum, with, and panis, bread,—one who shares meals with another; the word has been wrongly derived from the Late Lat. compagnus, one of the same pages or district)

companion of the other See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex, or is itself androgynous, the two symbols being found together . In the Dionysiac rites the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem was carried at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the processions and was immediately followed by a See also:

• BODY

body of men dressed as See also:

• WOMEN

women '(the ithyphalli) . In See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome the phallus was the most common See also:

• AMULET (Late Lat. amuletum, origin unknown; falsely connected with the Arab. himdlah, a cord used to suspend a small Koran from the neck)

amulet worn by See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children to avert the evil See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye: the Latin word was fascinum (cf .

See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, Nat . Hist. xix . 50, satyrica signa; See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro, See also:

• LING, PER HENRIK (1776-1839)

Ling . See also:

• LAT

Lat. vii . 47, ed . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller) . See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux says that such emblems were placed by smiths before their forges . Before the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• APHRODITE

Aphrodite at See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis (q.v.) were two huge phalli (18o ft. high), and other similar See also:

• OBJECTS

objects existed in all parts of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• WORLD

world both in statuary and in See also:

• PAINTING

painting . Among the See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus (see See also:

• HINDUISM

HINDUISM) the phallus is called linga or lingam, with the See also:

• FEMALE

female counterpart called yoni; the linga symbolizes the generative See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• SIVA

Siva, and is a See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm against sterility . The rites classed together as Sakti puja represent the adoration of the female principle . In See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, Central See also:

• AMERICA

America, See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru and other parts of America phallic emblems are found . The tendency, however, to identify all See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk-like stones and See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree-trunks, together with rites like See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision, as remains of phallic worship, has met with much See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism (e.g .

See also:

• ROBERTSON, FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816-1853)
• ROBERTSON, GEORGE CROOM (1842-1892)
• ROBERTSON, JOSEPH (1810-1866)
• ROBERTSON, THOMAS WILLIAM (1829-1871)
• ROBERTSON, WILLIAM BRUCE (182o-1886)

Robertson See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion of the Semites, and ed., PP . 456 m1Q) . For authorities see See also:

• WORKS

works quoted under RELIGION: §§ A and B ad fin .