PHARAOH (

See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

Par'oh)  , the Hebraized title of the king of Egypt (q.v.), in Egyptian Per-'o; Pheron in Herodotus represents the same . Its combination with the name of the king, as in Pharaoh-Necho, Pharaoh-Hophra, is in accordance with contemporary native usage: the name of the earlier Pharaoh Shishak (Sheshonk) is rightly given without the title . In hieroglyphic a king bears several names preceded by distinctive titles . In the IVth Dynasty there might be four of the latter: (1) identifying him with the royal god Horus; the name is commonly written in a frame representing the facade of a building, perhaps a palace or tomb, on which the falcon stands . (2) connecting him with the vulture and uraeus god-desses, Nekhabi and Buto of the south and north . (3) a hawk on the symbol of gold, signifying the victorious Horus . (4) the old titles of the rulers of the separate king- es doms of Upper and Lower Egypt, to be read stni, " butcher(?) " and byti, " beekeeper(?) " The personal name of the king followed (4), and was enclosed in a cartouche C i apparently symbolizing the circuit of the sun which alone bounded the king's rule . Before the IVth Dynasty the cartouche is seldom found: the usual title is (1), and (3) does not occur . In the Vth Dynasty the custom began of giving the king at his accession a special name connecting him with the sun: this was placed in the cartouche after (4), and a fifth title was added: (5) Si-re, " son of the Sun-god," to precede a cartouche containing the personal name . The king was briefly spoken of by his title stni (see 4), or Om", "his service," or Ity, " liege-lord." These titles were preserved in the sacred writing down to the latest age . An old term for the royal palace establishment and estate was Per-'o, " the Great House, " and this gradually became the personal designation of Pharaoh (cf. the Grand Porte), displacing all others in the popular language . (F .

Li .