PHERECYDES OF SYROS  ,

Greek philosopher (or rather philosophical theologian), flourished during the 6th century B.C . He was sometimes reckoned one of the Seven Wise Men, and is said to have been the teacher of Pythagoras . With the possible C,H a/ \CO:H IV . Phenolphthaline . Phenolphthalein is obtained when phenol and phthalic anhydride are heated with concentrated sulphuric acid . It crystallizes in colourless crusts and is nearly insoluble in water, but dissolves in dilute solutions of the caustic alkalis with a fine red colour, being reprecipitated from these solutions by the addition of mineral acid . It dissolves in concentrated caustic alkalis to a colourless solution which probably contains salts of a non-quinonoid character . This difference in behaviour has led to considerable discussion (see H . Meyer, Monats., 1899, 20, p . 337; R . Meyer, Ber., 1903, 36, p . 2949; A .

G .

Perkin and Green, Jour . Chem . Soc., 1904, p . 398) . On fusion with caustic alkali, phenolphthalein yields benzoic acid and para-dihydroxybenzophenone, which shows that in the original condensation the phthalic acid residue has taken the para position to the hydroxyl groups of the phenol . Fluorane is a product of the condensation of the phthalic acid residue in the ortho position to the hydroxyl groups of the phenol, and beautifully illustrated archaeological works produced . The labours of Cockerell and his companions were richly rewarded; not only were sufficient remains of the architectural features discovered to show clearly the whole design, but the internal sculptured frieze of the cella was found almost perfect . This and other fragments of its sculpture are now in the British Museum . The colonnade of the temple has been recently 366 exception of Cadmus (q.v.) of Miletus, he was the first Greek prose-writer . He belonged to the circle of Peisistratus at Athens, and was the founder of an Orphic community . He is characterized as " one of the earliest representatives of a half-critical, half-credulous eclecticism " (Gomperz) .

He was credited with having originated the

doctrine of metempsychosis (q.v.), while Cicero and Augustine assert that he was the first to teach the immortality of the soul . Of his astronomical studies he left a proof in the " heliotropion," a cave at Syros which served to determine the annual turning-point of the sun, like the grotto of Posillipo (Posilipo, Posilippo) at Naples, and was one of the sights of the island . In his cosmogonic treatise on nature and the gods, called Heeri).wxoc (Preller's correction of Suidas, who has i1rTaµvXos) from the five elementary or original principles (aether, fire, air, water, earth; Gomperz substitutes smoke and darkness for aether and earth), he enunciated a system in which science, allegory and mythology were blended . In the beginning were Chronos, the principle of time; Zeus (Zas), the principle of life; and Chthonie, the earth goddess . Chronos begat fire, air and water, and from these three sprang numerous other gods . Smoke and darkness appear in a later tradition . A fragment of the " sacred marriage " of Zas and Chthonie was found on an Egyptian papyrus at the end of the 19th century . See H . Diels, Fragrnente der Vorsokratiker (1903) ; also O . Kern, De Orphei, Epimenidis, Pherecydis theogoniis (1838); D . Speliotopoulos, IIepi'h.pssi5ov roi Zvpi.0 (Athens, 189o) ; T . Gomperz, Greek Thinkers (Eng. trans.), i .

85; B . P . Grenfell, New Classical Fragments (1847); H . Weil, Etudes sur l'antiquite grecque (1900) .