See also:

• PHIGALIA, or PHIGALEIA ( tykXca or f'tyaXeia; mod. Pavlitsa)

PHIGALIA, or PHIGALEIA ( tykXca or f'tyaXeia; mod. Pavlitsa)  , an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia, situated on an elevated rocky site, among some of the highest mountains in the See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus—the most conspicuous being Mt Cotylium and Mt Elasum; the See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of the latter is uncertain . In 6J9 B.C . See also:

• PHIGALIA, or PHIGALEIA ( tykXca or f'tyaXeia; mod. Pavlitsa)

Phigalia was taken by the Lacedaemonians, but soon after recovered its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence by the help of the Orasthasians . During the struggle between See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans and Aetolians in 221 B.C. it was held by Dorimachus, who See also:

• LEFT

left it on the approach of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. of Macedon . In See also:

• COMMON

common with the other cities of Arcadia, it appears from See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo to have fallen into utter decay under the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• RULE

rule . Several curious cults were preserved near Phigalia, including that of the See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish-tailed goddess Eurynome and the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• DEMETER

Demeter with a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse's See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, whose See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image was renewed by See also:

• ONATAS

Onatas . Notices of it in Greek See also:

• HISTORY

history are rare and scanty . Though its existing ruins and the description of See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias show it to have been a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of considerable strength and importance, no autonomous coins of Phigalia are known . Nothing remains above ground of the temples of See also:

• ARTEMIS

Artemis or See also:

• DIONYSUS (probably = " son of Zeus," from & Os and vv(7os, a Thracian word for " son ")

Dionysus and the numerous statues and other See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• ART

art which existed at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Pausanias's visit, about A.D . 170 . A See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• PART

part of the city See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, built in See also:

• FINE

fine Hellenic See also:

• MASONRY

masonry, partly polygonal and partly isodomous, and a large square central fortress with a circular projecting See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, are the only remains now traceable—at least without the aid of excavation . The walls, once nearly 2 m. in See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, are strongly placed on rocks, which slope down to the little See also:

• RIVER

river Neda .

One very important See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument still exists in a fairly perfect See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state; this is a See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple dedicated to See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo Epicurius (the Pre-server), built, not at Phigalia itself, but at Bassae, 5 or 6 m. away, on the slope of Mt Cotylium; it commemorates the aid rendered by Apollo in stopping a See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague which in the 5th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. was devastating Phigalia . This temple is mentioned by Pausanias (viii . 41) as being (next to that of See also:

• TEGEA

Tegea) the finest in the Peloponnesus, " from the beauty of its See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and the symmetry of its proportions." It was designed by See also:

• ICTINUS

Ictinus, who, with Callicrates, was See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint architect of the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . Though visited by See also:

• CHANDLER, HENRY WILLIAM (1828-1889)
• CHANDLER, RICHARD (1738-1810)
• CHANDLER, SAMUEL (1693-1766)
• CHANDLER, ZACHARIAH (1813-1879)

Chandler, See also:

• DODWELL, EDWARD (1767-1832)
• DODWELL, HENRY (1641-1711)

Dodwell, See also:

• GELL, SIR WILLIAM (1777-1836)

Gell, and other See also:

• ENGLISH

English travellers, the temple was neither explored nor measured till 1811-1812, when C . R . See also:

• COCKERELL, CHARLES ROBERT (1788-1863)

Cockerell and some other archaeologists spent several months in making excavations there . After nearly fifty years' delay, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor Cockerell published the results of these labours, as well as of his previous See also:

• WORK

work at See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina, in Temples of Aegina and Bassae (186o), one of the most careful restored by the Greek authorities . The figure shows the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of the temple, which is of the Doric See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, but has an See also:

• INTERNAL

internal arrangement of its See also:

• CELLA

cella unlike that of any other known temple . It stands on an elevated and partly artificial See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, which commands an extensive view of the See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak-clad mountains of Arcadia, reaching away to the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Messenian Gulf . Unlike other Doric temples, which usually stand See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and west, this is placed See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and south; but it has a See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side entrance on the east . It is See also:

• HEXASTYLE (Gr. gE, six, and ori)Xos, column)

hexastyle, with fifteen columns on its flanks; See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-four out of the thirty-eight columns of the See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle are still See also:

• STANDING

standing, with the greater part of their See also:

• ARCHITRAVE (from Lat. arcus, an arch, and trabs, trabem, a beam)

architrave, but the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• ENTABLATURE (Lat. in, and tabula, a tablet)

entablature and both pediments have fallen, together with the greater part of the internal columns of the cella . It will be seen from the plan that these are very strangely placed, apparently without symmetry, as regards the interior, though they are set regularly opposite the voids in the peristyle .

With the exception of one at the south end, which is Corinthian, the internal columns are of the Ionic order, and are engaged with the cellawall, forming a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of recesses, which may have been designed to contain statues . Another peculiarity of this interior is that these columns reach to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the cella in one order, not in two ranges of columns, one over the other, as was the usual Doric See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . These inner columns carried an Ionic entablature, of which the See also:

• FRIEZE

frieze now in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum formed a part . The pediments and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external metopes of the peristyle appear to have contained no See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture, but the metopes within the peristyle on the exterior of the cella had sculptured subjects; only a few fragments of these were, however, discovered . The position occupied by the great statue of Apollo is a difficult problem . Cockerell, with much See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, places it in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern portion of the cella, facing the eastern side See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door, so that it would be lighted up by the rays of the rising See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main entrance is at the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern end through the pronaos, once defended by a door in the end of the cella and a See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen, of which traces were found on the two columns of the pronaos . There was no door between the posticum and the cella . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general proportions of the fronts resemble those of the Theseum at Athens, except that the entablature is less massive, the columns thicker, and the diminution less—all proportionally speaking . In plan the temple is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in proportion to its width—measuring, on the top of the stylobace, 125 ft . 7 in. by 48 ft . 2 in., while the Theseum (built probably See also:

• HALF

half a century earlier) is about 104 ft .

2 in. by 45 ft . 2 in . The material of which the temple is built is a fine See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone (once covered with painted See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco), except the roof-tiles, the capitals of the cella columns, the architraves, the lacunaria (ceilings) of the posticum and pronaos, and the sculpture, all of which are of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble . The roof-tiles, specially noticed by Pausanias, are remarkal>le for their See also:

• SIZE

size, workmanship, and the beauty of the Parian•marble of which they are made . They measure 2 ft. r in. by 3 ft . 6 in., and are fitted together in the most careful and ingenious manner . Unlike those of the Parthenon and the temple of Aegina, the apµol or " joint-tiles " are worked out of the same piece of marble as the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat ones, for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of more perfect fitting and greater See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security against wet . Traces of See also:

• PAINTING

painting on various architectural members were found by Cockerell, but they were too much faded for the See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours to be distinguished . The designs are the usual Greek patterns—the See also:

• FRET

fret, the See also:

• HONEYSUCKLE (Mid. Eng., honysocle, i.e. any plant from which honey may be sucked,—cf. A.-S. huni-suge, privet; Ger. Geissblalt; Fr. chevrefeuille)

honeysuckle, and the See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg and dart . The sculpture is of the greatest See also:

• INTEREST

interest, as being designed to deco-See also:

• RATE

rate one of the finest buildings in the Peloponnesus in the latter half of the 5th century B.C.; see Brit . Illus . See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Sculpture, vol. i The frieze, now in the British Museum, is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; it is nearly See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot ft. long by 2 ft. high, carved in See also:

• RELIEF

relief on twenty-three slabs of marble 41 to 5 in. thick .

The subjects are the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of the See also:

• LAPITHAE

Lapithae and the See also:

• CENTAURS

Centaurs, and that between the See also:

• AMAZONS

Amazons and the Greeks, the Plan of the Temple at Bassae . two favourite subjects in Greek plastic art of the best See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . They was still farther behind both New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York and See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago . In 'goo, of the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, 998,357, or 77.18%, were native-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, as against only 63% native-born in New York and 65'43% native-born in Chicago . Of See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia's native-born white population, however, 414,093, or 44.24%, were of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-born parentage . The foreign-born population included 98,427 born in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, 71,319 born in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, 36,752 born in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 28,951 born in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia (largely See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews), 17,830 born in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, 8479 born in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and 5154 born in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria; and the coloured consisted of 62,613 negroes, 1165 See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, 234 See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians and 12 See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese . In 1910 the population was 1,549, 008 . Streets.—With the exception of a limited number of See also:

• DIAGONAL (Gr. &a, through, ywvia, a corner)

diagonal thoroughfares and of streets laid out in outlying districts in conformity with the natural See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the ground the plan of the city is See also:

• REGULAR

regular . See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

Market See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street—which See also:

• PENN, WILLIAM (1621–1670)
• PENN, WILLIAM (1644-1718)

Penn called High Street—is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal thoroughfare east and west, Broad Street the principal thoroughfare north and south, and these streets intersect at right angles at City See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall Square in the business centre . The streets parallel with Broad are numbered from First or Front Street west from the See also:

• DELAWARE

Delaware River to Sixty-Third Street, taking the prefix " North " north of Market Street and the prefix " South " south of it; the streets parallel with Market are named mostly from trees and from the See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors and 'counties of See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania . The wholesale See also:

• DISTRICT

district is centred at the east end of Market Street near the Delaware river . The best See also:

• RETAIL

retail shops are farther west on the south side of See also:

• CHESTNUT (nux Castanea)

Chestnut Street and on Market and See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch streets .

Most of the leading See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks and See also:

• TRUST

trust companies are on Chestnut Street and on Third Street between Chestnut and See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

Walnut streets . Several of the larger See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office buildings and the stations of the Pennsylvania and the Philadelphia & See also:

• READING

Reading See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways are in the vicinity of the city hall; here too, are the See also:

• BALDWIN, JAMES MARK (1861– )
• BALDWIN, ROBERT (1804–1858)

Baldwin See also:

• LOCOMOTIVE

Locomotive Works . The large textile See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, the great See also:

• COAL

coal wharves and the See also:

• CRAMP
• CRAMP, CHARLES HENRY (1828— )

Cramp See also:

• SHIP

Ship-Yards are to the north-east along the Delaware, and in districts west of these are the leading manufactories of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel . There are large See also:

• SUGAR

sugar refineries in the south-eastern part of the city . See also:

• RITTENHOUSE, DAVID (1732-1796)

Rittenhouse Square, a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance south-west of the city hall, is the centre of the old aristocratic residential district, and the south side of Walnut Street between Fourteenth and Nineteenth streets is a fashion-able See also:

• PARADE (Fr. parade, an adaptation from Ital. parada; cf. Span. parada, from Lat. parade, to prepare, equip, furnish)

parade . There are fine residences on North Broad Street and on some of the streets See also:

• CROSSING

crossing it, and many beautiful villas in the picturesque suburbs of the north-west . The most congested tenements, occupied largely by Italians, Hebrews and negroes, are along the alleys between the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and south of Market Street, often in the See also:

• REAR

rear of some of the best of the older residences . The principal structure is the city hall (or " Public Buildings ") one of the largest buildings in the See also:

• WORLD

world in ground space (el acres) . It rises 548 ft. to the top of a See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue (37 ft. high) of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Penn (by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• CALDER
• CALDER, SIR ROBERT

Calder) surmounting the tower . It accommodates the state and See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county courts as well as the municipal and county offices . The See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation stone was laid in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1872 . On its first See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor is See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph A .

See also:

• BAILLY, JEAN SYLVAIN (1736-1793)

Bailly's statue of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, which was erected in front of Independence Hall in 1869 . About the Public Buildings are statues of Generals McClellan and See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• MCKINLEY, WILLIAM (1843—1901)

McKinley, and Joseph See also:

• LEIDY, JOSEPH (1823–1891)

Leidy and St Gaudens's " See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim." On all sides are great buildings: on the north the masonic temple (1868–1873); on the south the stately Betz See also:

• BUILDING

Building; on the west the enormous Broad Street station of the Pennsylvania railway . The Pennsylvania See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Fine Arts and the See also:

• ODDFELLOWS, ORDER OF

Oddfellows' Temple are among other notable buildings in the vicinity . The See also:

• POST

post office, facing Ninth Street and extending from Market Street to Chestnut Street, was opened in 1884; in front is a seated statue of See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin, by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John J . See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle . The See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint is at the corner of Sixteenth and See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

Spring See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden streets . The See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, on Chestnut Street, was designed by William See also:

• STRICKLAND, AGNES (18061874)
• STRICKLAND, HUGH EDWIN (1811—1853)

Strickland (1787–1854), in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the leading See also:

• AMERICAN

American architect . It was modelled after the Parthenon of Athens, was built for the Second See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• BANK

Bank, was completed in 1824, and was put to its See also:

• PRESENT

present use in 1845 . Other prominent buildings of are designed with wonderful ertility of invention, and See also:

• LIFE

life-like See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism and spirit; the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition is arranged so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a series of diagonal lines or zigzags m, thus forming a pleasing contrast to the unbroken See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal lines of the See also:

• CORNICE (Fr. corniche, Ital. cornice)

cornice and architrave . The various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups are skilfully united together by some dominant See also:

• LINE

line or See also:

• ACTION

action, so that the whole subject forms one unbroken composition . The relief is very high, more than 31 in. in the most salient parts, [ and the whole treatment is quite opposite to that of the Parthenon frieze, which is a very See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior work of art to that at Bassae . Many of the limbs are quite detached from the ground; the See also:

• DRILL

drill has been largely used to emphasize certain shadows, and in many places, for want of due calculation, the sculptor has had to cut into the flat background behind the figures .

From this it would appear that no finished See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay-See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model was prepared, but that the relief was sculptured with only the help of a See also:

• DRAWING

drawing . The point of sight, more than 20 ft. below the bottom of the frieze, and the direction in which the See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell on it have evidently been carefully considered . Many parts, invisible from below, are left comparatively rough . The workman-ship throughout is unequal, and the hands of several sculptors can be detected . On the whole, the See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution is not equal to the beauty of the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design, and the whole frieze is somewhat marred by an evident See also:

• DESIRE

desire to produce the maximum of effect with the least possible amount of labour—very different from the almost See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-like finish of the Parthenon frieze . Even the design is inferior to the Athenian one; most of the figures are ungracefully short in their proportions, and there is a great want of refined beauty in many of the See also:

• FEMALE

female hands and faces . It is in the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of its varied action and its subtlety of expression that this sculpture most excels . The See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble movements of the heroic Greeks form a striking contrast to the feminine weakness of the wounded Amazons, or the struggles with See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth and hoofs of the brutish Centaurs; the See also:

• GROUP

group of Apollo and Artemis in their See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot is full of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace and dignified See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The marble in which this frieze is sculptured is somewhat coarse and crystalline; the slabs appear not to have been built into their place but fixed afterwards, with the aid of two bronze bolts driven through the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of each . Of the metopes, which were 2 ft . 8 in. square, only one exists nearly complete, with eleven fragments; the one almost perfect has a relief of a nude See also:

• WARRIOR

warrior, with floating drapery, overcoming a long-haired bearded See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who sinks vanquished at his feet . The relief of these is rather less than that of the frieze figures, and the work is nobler in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and superior in execution .

In addition to the works mentioned in the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, see See also:

• LEAKE, WILLIAM MARTIN (1777-186o)

Leake, Morea (i . 490 and ii . 319; See also:

• CURTIUS, ERNST (1814-1896)
• CURTIUS, MARCUS

Curtius, Peloponnesos. i . 319; See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross, Reisen in Peloponeesos; Stackelberg, Der Apollo-Tempel zu Bassae (1826); See also:

• LENORMANT, FRANCOIS (1837–1883)

Lenormant, Bas-reliefs du Parthenon et de Phigalie (1834) ; and Histories of Sculpture mentioned under GREEK ART . (J . H . M.; E .