See also:

• PHILARET [THEODORE NIKITICH ROIIANOV] (? 1553–1633)

PHILARET [See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

THEODORE NIKITICH ROIIANOV] (? 1553–1633)  , See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, was the second son of the See also:

• BOYAR (Russ. boyarin, plur. boyare)

boyar Nikita Romanovich . During the reign of his first See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore I . (1584-1598), Theodore See also:

• ROMANOV

Romanov distinguished himself both as a soldier and a diplomatist, fighting against the Swedes in 1590, and conducting negotiations with the ambassadors of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• RUDOLPH
• RUDOLPH (d. 1o8o)
• RUDOLPH, or RAOUL

Rudolph II. in 1593-1594 . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of the childless See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar, he was the popular See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the vacant See also:

• THRONE

throne; but he acquiesced in the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Boris Godunov, and shared the disgrace of his too-powerful See also:

• FAMILY

family three years later, when Boris compelled both him and his wife, See also:

• XENIA

Xenia Chestovaya, to take monastic vows under the names of See also:

• PHILARET [THEODORE NIKITICH ROIIANOV] (? 1553–1633)

Philaret and Martha respectively . Philaret was kept in the strictest confinement in the Antoniev monastery, where he was exposed to every conceivable indignity; but when the pseudo-See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius overthrew the Godunovs he released Philaret and made him See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan of Rostov (1605) . In 1609 Philaret See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of pseudo-Demetrius II., who named him patriarch of all See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, though his See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction only extended over the very limited See also:

• AREA

area which acknowledged the impostor . From 16ro-1618 he was a prisoner in the hands of the See also:

• POLISH

Polish See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• SIGISMUND (1368-1437)

Sigismund III., whom he refused to acknowledge as tsar of Muscovy on being sent on an See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the Polish See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp in 161o . He was released on the conclusion of the truce of Deulino (Feb . 13, 1619), and on the 2nd of See also:

• JUNE

June was canonically enthroned patriarch of Moscow . Henceforth, till his death, the established See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Muscovy was a diarchy . From 1619 to 1633 there were two actual sovereigns, Tsar See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael and his See also:

• FATHER

father, the most See also:

• HOLY

holy Patriarch Philaret . Theoretically they were co-regents, but Philaret frequently transacted affairs of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state without consulting the tsar .

He replenished the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury by a more equable and rational See also:

• SYSTEM

system of assessing and See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting the taxes . His most important domestic measure was the chaining of the peasantry to the See also:

• SOIL

soil, a measure directed against the ever increasing See also:

• MIGRATION

migration of the down-trodden See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs to the See also:

• STEPPES

steppes, where they became freebooters instead of tax-payers . The See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation of the tsar's slyuzhnuie lyudi, or military tenants, was a first step towards the proportional taxation of the hitherto privileged classes . Philaret's zeal for the purity of orthodoxy sometimes led him `into excesses: but he encouraged the publication of theological See also:

• WORKS

works, formed the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the subsequently famous Patriarchal Library, and commanded that every See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop should establish a See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary for the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, himself setting the example . Another See also:

• GREAT

great service rendered by Philaret to his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country was the reorganization of the See also:

• MUSCOVITE

Muscovite See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army with the help of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . His death in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1633 put an end to the Russo-Polish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War (1632–33), withdrawing the strongest prop from an executive feeble enough even when supported by all the See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of his authority . See R . N . See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The First Romanovs (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1905) ; S . M . Solovev, Hist. of Russia (Rus.), vol. ix . (St Petersb .

1895, &c.) (R . N .