PHILIP

See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

HOWARD  , 1st earl' of Arundel (1557-1595), eldest son of Thomas Howard, 4th duke of Norfolk, executed for high treason in 1572, and of Lady Mary, daughter and heiress of Henry Fitzalan, 12th earl of Arundel, was born on the 28th of June 1557 . He was married in 1571 to Anne, daughter and co-heiress of Thomas Dacre, Lord Dacre (1566), and was educated at Cambridge, being accorded the degree of M.A. in 1576 . Subsequently Lord Surrey, as he was styled, came to court, partook in its extravagant gaieties and dissipations, and kept his wife in the background; but he nevertheless failed to secure the favour of Elizabeth, who suspected the Howards generally . On the death of his maternal grandfather in February 158o he became earl of Arundel and retired from the court . In 1582 his wife joined the church of Rome, and was committed to the charge of Sir Thomas Shirley by the queen . He was himself suspected of disloyalty, and was regarded by the discontented Roman Catholics as the centre of the plots against the queen's government, and even as a possible successor . In 1583 he was ' i.e. in the Howard line . '08 with some reason suspected of complicity in Throgmorton's plot and prepared to escape to Flanders, but his plans were interrupted by a visit from Elizabeth at his house in London, and by her order subsequently to confine himself there . In September 1584 he became a Roman Catholic, dissembling his conversion and attempting next year once more to escape abroad; but having been brought back he was placed in the Tower on the 25th of April 1585, and charged before the Star Chamber with being a Romanist, with quitting England without leave, sharing in Jesuit plots, and claiming the dukedom of Norfolk . He was sentenced to pay £ro,000 and to be imprisoned during the queen's pleasure . In July 1586 his liberty was offered to him if he would carry the sword of state before the queen to church . In 1588 he was accused of praying, together with other Romanists, for the success of the Spanish Armada .

He was tried for high treason on the 14th of April 1589, found guilty and condemned to death; but lingered in confinement under his

sentence, which was never executed, till his death on the 19th of October 1595• He was buried in the Tower, whence his remains were removed in 1624 to Arundel . His career, his later religious constancy and his tragic end have evoked general sympathy, but his conduct gave rise to grave suspicions, and the punishment inflicted upon him was not unwarranted; while the account of the severity of his imprisonment given by his anonymous and contemporary biographer should be compared with his own letters expressing gratitude for favours allowed.' There appears no foundation for the belief that he was poisoned, and according to Camden his death was caused by his religious austerities.' He was the author of a translation of An Epistle of Jesus Christ to the Faithful Soule by Johann Justus (1595, reprinted 1871) and of three MS. treatises On the Excellence and Utility.of Virtue . Inscriptions carved by his hand are still to be seen in the Tower . He had two children, Elizabeth, who died young, and Thomas, who (restored in blood) succeeded him as 2nd earl of Arundel, and was created earl of Norfolk in 1644 . AUTHORITIEs.—Article in the Dict., of Nat . Biography and authorities there collected; the contemporary Lives of Philip Howard, Earl of Arundel and of Anne Dacre his Wife, ed. by the duke of Norfolk (1857); M . Tierney, History of Arundel (1834), p . 357; C . H . Cooper, Athenae Cantabrigenses (1861), with bibliography, ii . 187 and 547; H . Howard, Memoirs of the Howard Family (1824) .