See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

PHILIP II  . (1527—1598) See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• VALLADOLID

Valladolid on the 21st of May 1527 . He was the son of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., and of his wife See also:

• ISABELLA (1451-15o4)
• ISABELLA, ISABEAU

Isabella of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, who were first See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip received his See also:

• EDUCATION

education in Spain . His See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, Dr Juan Martinez Pedernales, who latinized his name to Siliceo, and who was also his See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor, does not appear to have done his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty very thoroughly . The See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince, though he had a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good command of Latin, never equalled his See also:

• FATHER

father as a linguist . See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Juan de Zuniga, who was appointed to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach him the use of arms, was more conscientious; but he had a very poor See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil . From his earliest years Philip showed himself more addicted to the See also:

• DESK (from Lat. discus, quoit, in med. sense of " table," cf. " dish " and Ger. Tisch, table, from same source)

desk than the See also:

• SADDLE (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Sattel, Dut. zadel, also in Russ. siedlo and Lat. sella, for sedla; it is not derived directly from Lat. sedile, which means a chair, but all the words are to be referred to the root sad-, which gives

saddle and to the See also:

• PEN (Lat. penna, a feather, pen)

pen than to the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword . The emperor, who spent his See also:

• LIFE

life moving from one See also:

• PART

part of his wide dominions to another and in the camps of his armies, watched his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir's education from afar . The trend of his letters was to impress on the boy a profound sense of the high destinies to which he was born, the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for keeping his nobles apart from all See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the conduct of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, and the See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of distrusting counsellors, who would be sure to wish to See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence him for their own ends . Philip See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up See also:

• GRAVE

grave, self-possessed and distrustful . He was beloved by his See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish subjects, but utterly without the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of attracting men of other races .

Though accused of extreme licentiousness in his relations with See also:

• WOMEN

women, and though he lived for years in See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery with Dona Maria de See also:

• OSORIO, JERONYMO (1506-1580)

Osorio, Philip was probably less immoral than most See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, including his father, and was rigidly abstemious in eating and drinking . His power of See also:

• WORK

work was unbounded, and he had an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute love of See also:

• READING

reading, annotating and drafting despatches . If he had not become See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign of the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, as heir of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy through his father, Philip would in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability have devoted himself to warfare with the See also:

• TURKS

Turks in the Mediterranean, and to the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Unhappily for Spain, Charles, after some hesitation, decided to transmit the Nether-lands to his son, and not to allow them to go with the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . Philip was summoned in 1548 to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, where he went unwillingly, and was See also:

• ILL

ill regarded . In 1551 he was back in Spain, and intrusted with its government . In 1543 he had been married to his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Mary of Portugal, who See also:

• BORE

bore him a son, the unhappy Don See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos, and who died in 1545 . In 1554, when Charles was meditating his See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication, and wished to secure the position of his son, he summoned Philip to Flanders again, and arranged the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Mary, See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, who was the daughter of his See also:

• MOTHER

mother's See also:

• SISTER

sister, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Spain, the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands and England, before which See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France would be power-less . The marriage proved barren . The abdication of his father on the 16th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1556 constituted Philip sovereign of Spain with its See also:

• AMERICAN

American possessions, of the Aragonese See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, of the Burgundian inheritance—the killed him with manly See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, and he died piously at the Netherlands and Franche See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

Comte, and of the duchy of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, which his father separated from the empire for his benefit . It ;,See also:

• GAS

gas a See also:

• LEGACY (Lat. legatum)

legacy of immense responsibilities and perils, for France was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in See also:

• COMMON

common prudence to endeavour to ruin a power which encircled her on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and threatened her See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . France was for a time beaten at the battles of St Quentin and See also:

• GRAVELINES (Flem. Gravelinghe)

Gravelines, and forced to make the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

Peace of Cateau Cambresis (See also:

• APRIL

April 2, 1559) .

But the See also:

• DEATH

death of Mary of England on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1558 had deprived Philip of See also:

• ENGLISH

English support . The See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth on the English See also:

• THRONE

throne put on the flank of his scattered dominions another power, forced no less than France by unavoidable See also:

• POLITICAL

political necessities to be his enemy . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early difficulties of Elizabeth's reign secured him a deceitful peace on that side for a time . His marriage with Elizabeth of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois on the 22nd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1559, and the approach of the See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, gave him a temporary See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security from France . But the religious agitation was affecting his own Flemish possessions, and when Philip went back to Spain, in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1559, he was committed to a life-See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long struggle in which he could not prove victorious except by the conquest of France and England . If Philip II. had deserved his name of the Prudent he would have made haste, so soon as his father, who continued to intervene in the government from his See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat at Yuste in See also:

• ESTREMADURA, or EXTREMADURA

Estremadura, was dead, to relieve himself of the ruinous inheritance of the Low Countries . It was perhaps impossible for him to renounce his rights, and his education, co-operating with his natural disposition, made it morally impossible for him to believe that he could be in the wrong . Like the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation, he was convinced that unity of religion was indispensable to the See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance of the authority of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State and of good order . See also:

• FAMILY

Family See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride, also, was carried by him to its highest possible See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch . Thus See also:

• EXTERNAL

external and internal influences alike drove him into conflict with the Netherlands, France and England; with the first because political and religious discontent combined to bring about revolt, which he See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt bound in duty to crush; with the second and third because they helped the Flemings and the Hollanders . The conflict assumed the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a struggle between Protestantism and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholicism, in which Philip appeared as the See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church . It was a part he rejoiced to See also:

• PLAY

play .

He became, and could not but become, a persecutor in and out of Spain; and his persecutions not only hardened the obstinacy of the Dutch, and helped to exasperate the English, but they provoked a revolt of the Moriscoes, which impoverished his kingdom . No experience of the failure of his policy could shake his belief in its essential excellence . That whatever he did was done for the service of See also:

• GOD

God, that success or failure depended on the inscrutable will of the Almighty and not on himself, were his guiding convictions, which he transmitted to his successors . The " service of God and his See also:

• MAJESTY (Fr. majeste; Lat. majestas, grandeur, greatness, from the base mag-, as in magnus, great, major, greater, &c.)

majesty " was the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula which expressed the belief of the sovereign and his subjects . Philip must therefore be held primarily responsible for the insane policy which brought Spain to ruin . He had a high ideal of his duty as a king to his own See also:

• PEOPLE

people, and had no natural preference for violent courses . The strong See also:

• MEASURES

measures he took against disorderly elements in See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon in 1591 were provoked by extreme misconduct on the part of a See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction . When he enforced his claim to the See also:

• CROWN

crown of Portugal (1579–1581) he preferred to placate his new subjects by paying See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to their feelings and their privileges . He even made dangerous political concessions to secure the support of the gentry . It is true that he was ready to make use of assassination for political purposes; but he had been taught by his lawyers that he was " the prince," the embodied state, and as such had a right to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act for the public good, legibus solutus . This was but in accordance with the See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper of the times . See also:

• COLIGNY, GASPARD DE (1519-1572)

Coligny, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (1521-1598)

Burghley and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the Silent also entered into See also:

• MURDER

murder plots .

In his private life he was orderly and affectionate to his family and servants . He was slow to withdraw the confidence he had once given . In the painful See also:

• EPISODE

episode of the imprisonment and death of his firstborn son, Don Carlos, Philip behaved honourably . He bore the acute agony of the disease which See also:

• ESCORIAL

Escorial on the 13th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1598 . As an See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator Philip had all the vices of his type, that of the laborious, self-righteous See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who thinks he can supervise everything, is capable of endless toil, and jealous of his authority, and who therefore will let none of his servants act without his instructions . He set the example of. the unending discussions in See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee and boundless See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing which finally choked the Spanish See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . The Histoire de Philippe II. of M . H . Forneron (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1881), contains many references to authorities and is exhaustive, but the author has some violent prejudices . Philip II., by See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1897), is more just in its treatment of Philip's persona: character, and gives a useful bibliography . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• SOURCES

sources for the political See also:

• HISTORY

history are the Documentos Ineditos See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

Para la historic de Espana (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1842, &c.), vols. i., iii., vi., vii., xv., xxi., See also:

• XXIV

xxiv., xl., xeviii., ci., cx., cxi. and others; L . P .

See also:

• GACHARD, LOUIS PROSPER (1800-1885)

Gachard, Actes See also:

• DES

des etats generaux des Pays Bas, 1576–1585 (See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels, 1861–1866) ; and the Calendars of State Papers, See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series, Elizabeth (London, 1863–1901) . See also Martin Hume, Two English Queens and Philip (1908) .