LANOGRAVE OF See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

HESSE See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• LANOGRAVE OF HESSE PHILIP (1504-1567)

PHILIP (1504-1567)  , son of the See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II., was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg on the 13th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1504 . He became landgrave on his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1509, and having been declared of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in 1518, was married in 1523 to See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina, daughter of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony (d . 1539) . In 1522 and 1523 he assisted to quell the rising of See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz von See also:

• SICKINGEN, FRANZ VON (1481-1523)

Sickingen (q.v.), who had raided See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse five years previously, and in 1525 he took a leading See also:

• PART

part in crushing the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion of the peasants in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, being mainly responsible for their defeat at See also:

• FRANKENHAUSEN

Frankenhausen . About this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip adopted the reformed faith, of which he was after-wards the zealous and daring defender . Indifferent to theological, or even to patriotic, considerations, his plans to protect the reformers rested upon two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main principles—unity among the Protestants at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home and military aid from abroad . The schemes he put forward as one of the heads of the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of See also:

• SCHMALKALDEN

Schmalkalden, aimed primarily at overthrowing the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• HABSBURG, or HAPSBURG

Habsburg; to this end aid was sought from foreigner and native, from See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic alike . Envoys were sent repeatedly to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark; See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice were looked to for assistance; the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt towards the Habsburgs by the Bavarian Wittelsbachs was skilfully fomented; and the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Protestants were assured that attack was the best, See also:

• NAY, or NEY

nay the only, means of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . Before the formation of the league of Schmalkalden Philip was very intimate with See also:

• ZWINGLI, HULDREICH (1484—1531)

Zwingli, and up to the time of the reformer's death, in 1531, he hoped that material aid would be forthcoming from his followers . In 1526 he had aided See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant, elector of Saxony, to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of reforming princes; and in 1529 he called together the abortive See also:

• CONFERENCE

conference at See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar-See also:

• BURG

burg, hoping thus to See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach between See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans and Zwinglians . More aggressive was his See also:

• ACTION

action in 1528 . Deceived by the forgeries of See also:

• OTTO

Otto von See also:

• PACK (apparently from the root pak-, paq-, seen in Lat. pangere, to fasten; cf. " compact ")
• PACK, OTTO VON (c. 1480-1537)

Pack (q.v.), he believed in the existence of a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy to crush the reformers, and was only restrained from attacking his enemies by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of John of Saxony and See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther .

He succeeded, however, in compelling the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz and the bishops of Wiirzburg and See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg to contribute to the cost of his mobilization . Philip was freely accused of having employed Pack to concoct the See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery; and, although this See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge is doubtless false, his eager See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of Pack's unproved statements aroused considerable See also:

• ILL

ill-feeling among the Catholics, which he was not slow to return . In 1529 the landgrave signed the " protest " which was presented to the See also:

• DIET

diet at See also:

• SPIRES (Ger. Speyer or Speier)

Spires, being thus one of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original " Protestants; " in 1530 he was among the subscribers to the See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg; and the formation of the league of Schmalkalden in the same See also:

• YEAR

year was largely due to his See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . His next important undertaking, the restoration of See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich, duke of Wurtemberg (q.v.) to his duchy, was attended with conspicuous success . Wurtemberg had passed into the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Habsburgs, but after Philip's brief and victorious See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in 1534 the humiliation of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, the German See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I., was so See also:

• COMPLETE

complete that it was Charles V. at the hands of See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice in 1552; and after the conclusion of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• PASSAU

Passau in this year he returned to Hesse . Although less active than formerly, the landgrave did not cease to intrigue on behalf of the Protestants while continuing the See also:

• WORK

work of reforming and organizing the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church in Hesse . In 1562 he aided the See also:

• HUGUENOTS

Huguenots with troops, and he was frequently in communication with the insurgents in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands; but his efforts to form a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the Protestants were fruitless . Philip, who is sometimes called the Magnanimous, died at See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel on the 31st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1567 . By Christina he had four sons and five daughters, and according to his directions the landgraviate was partitioned at his death between his sons . He had also by See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret von der Saal seven sons, who were called See also:

• COUNTS

counts of Dietz, and one daughter . See Ch. von Rommel, Philipp der Grossmuthige (See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, 183o); Brief wechsel Landgraf Philipps mit See also:

• BUCER (or BuTZER), MARTIN (1491-1551)

Bucer, edited by M . See also:

• LENZ, JAKOB MICHAEL REINHOLD (1751-1792)

Lenz (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1881—189o); Politisches Archiv See also:

• DES

des Landgrafen Philipp, edited by F .

Kiich (Leipzig, 1904) ; L . G . Mogen, Historia captivitatis See also:

• PHILIPPI (Turk. Filibejik)

Philippi Magnanimi (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1766) ; W . Falckenheiner, Philipp der Grossmuthige See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Bauernkriege (Marburg, 1887) ; H . See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Packschen See also:

• HANDEL, GEORGE FREDERICK (1685–1759)

Handel (Leipzig, 1881); J . Wille, Philipp der Grossmuthige von Hessen and die Restitution Ulrichs von See also:

• WURTTEMBERG

Wurttemberg (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1882); W . W . Rockwell Die Doppelehe des Landgrafen Philipp von Hessen (Marburg, 19o4); A . Heidenhain, Die Unionspolitik Philipps von Hessen (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1890) ; K . Varrentrapp, Landgraf Philipp von Hessen and die Universitat Marburg (Cassel, 19o4); Von Drach and Konnecke, Die Bildnisse Philipps des Grossmutigen (Cassel, 19o5); Festschrift zum Gedachtnis Philipps, published by the Verein See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur hessische Geschichte and Landeskunde (Cassel, 19o4); and Philipp der Grossmutige, Beth-age zur Geschichte seines Lebens and seiner Zeit, published by the Historischer Verein fur das Grossherzogtum Hessen (Marburg, 1904) .