See also:

• PHILOPOEMEN (253–184 B.C.)

PHILOPOEMEN (253–184 B.C.)  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MEGALOPOLIS

Megalopolis, and educated by the See also:

• ACADEMIC

academic philosophers Ecdemus and Demophanes or Megalophanes, who had distinguished themselves as champions of freedom . Avoiding the fashionable and luxurious gymnasia, he devoted himself to military studies, See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting and border forays . In 233–2 See also:

• PHILOPOEMEN (253–184 B.C.)

Philopoemen skilfully evacuated Megalopolis before the attack of Cleomenes III., and distinguished himself at Sellasia (222) . The next eleven years he spent as a See also:

• CONDOTTIERE (plural, condottieri)

condottiere in See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete . Elected See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• LEAGUE

League's See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry on his return, he reorganized that force and defeated the Aetolians on the Elean frontier (210) . Appointed to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief command two years later, he introduced heavy See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour and See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close formation for the See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, and with a well-trained See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat Machanidas of See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta, near Mantinea . The new " liberator " was now so famous that See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip V. of Macedon attempted to See also:

• POISON

poison him . In 202–1 Philopoemen drove Nabis, the Spartan See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant, from See also:

• MESSENE

Messene and routed him off See also:

• TEGEA

Tegea . After another See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long sojourn in Crete he again received the command against Nabis . Though unsuccessful at See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, he almost annihilated Nabis's See also:

• LAND

land force near See also:

• GYTHIUM

Gythium, but was prevented by the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• FLAMININUS, TITUS QUINCTIUS (c. 228–174 B.C.)

Flamininus from taking Sparta . In 190 Philopoemen protected Sparta, which meanwhile had joined the League and thereupon seceded, but punished a renewed defection so cruelly as to draw the censure of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome upon his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . At Messene he likewise checked a revolt (189), but when that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city again rebelled, in 184, he was captured in a skirmish and promptly executed .

His See also:

• BODY

body was recovered by the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans and buried with See also:

• GREAT

great solemnity . Philopoemen's great merit lies in his having restored to his compatriots that military efficiency without which the Achaean League for all its skilful See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy could never stand . Towards Rome he advocated a courteous but See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent attitude . In politics he was a democrat, and introduced reforms of a popular See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character (see ACHAEAN LEAGUE) . See also:

• POLYBIUS (c. 204–122 B.C.)

Polybius' Histories (x.–See also:

• XXIII

xxiii.) are our chief authority . These and a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on Philopoemen (now lost) were used by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch (Philopoemen), See also:

• PAUSANIAS

Pausanias (viii . 49-51), See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy (xxxi.–xxxviii.), and indirectly by See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin (See also:

• XXX

xxx.–xxxiv.) .