PHOENICIA  , in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, the name given to that See also:

• PART

part of the seaboard of See also:

• SYRIA

Syria which extends from the Eleutherus (Nahr el-See also:

• KEHL

Kehl-0 in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to Mt See also:

• CARMEL

Carmel in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, a distance of rather more than two degrees of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude . These limits, however, were exceeded at various times; thus, north of the Eleutherus See also:

• LAY

lay Aradus and Marathus, and south of Carmel the border sometimes included Dor and even See also:

• JOPPA

Joppa . Formed partly by See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium carried down by perennial streams from the mountains of See also:

• LEBANON
• LEBANON (from Semitic laban, " to be white," or " whitish," probably referring not to snow, but to the bare white walls ofchalk or limestone which form the characteristic feature of the whole range)

Lebanon and See also:

• GALILEE
• GALILEE (Heb. 5'S?, " border " or " ring," Gr. I'aXi?aia)
• GALILEE, SEA OF

Galilee, and fringed by See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-See also:

• DUNES

dunes which the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea throws up, Phoenicia is covered with a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil . It is only at the mouth of the Eleutherus and at See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

Acre ('See also:

• AKKA (TIKKI-TI%II)

Akka) that the See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-See also:

• LAND

land widens out into plains of any See also:

• SIZE

size; there is a certain amount of open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country behind See also:

• BEIRUT

Beirut; but for the most part the mountains, pierced by deep See also:

• RIVER

river-valleys, approach to within a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles of the coast, or even right down to the sea, as at See also:

• RAS

Ras en-Naliura (Scala Tyriorum, Jos . See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell. See also:

• JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

jud. ii. ro, 2) and Ras el-Abiad (See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny's Promunturium See also:

• ALBUM (Lat. albus, white)

Album), where a passage had to be cut in the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock for the See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan road which from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time immemorial traversed this narrow See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of, See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland . From the flanks of Lebanon, especially from the heights which See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie to the north of the Qasimiyeh or 1(asimiya (See also:

• LITANY

Litany) River, the traveller looks down upon some of the finest landscape in the See also:

• WORLD

world; in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general features the scenery is not unlike that of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera, but surpasses it in grandeur and a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• DEPTH

depth of colouring . With regard to natural products the country has few See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth mentioning; minerals are found in the Lebanon, but not in any quantity; traces of See also:

• AMBER

amber-digging have been discovered on the coast; and the See also:

• PURPLE

purple See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell (murex trunculus and brandaris) is still plentiful . The harbours which played so important a part in antiquity are nearly all silted up, and, with the exception of Beirut, afford no safe anchorage for the large vessels of See also:

• MODERN

modern times . A few bays, facing towards the north, break the coast-See also:

• LINE

line, and small rocky islands are dotted here and there just off the See also:

• SHORE

shore . See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon, See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre and Aradus, though now connected with the mainland, were built originally upon islands; the Phoenicians preferred such sites, because they were convenient for See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping and easily defended against attack . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief towns of ancient Phoenicia, as we know of them from the Amarna tablets (15th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C.) and from See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian and the Old Testament documents, were the following: Acco (now Acre or 'Akka, Judg . 1 .

31), Achzib (now ez-Zib, ibid.), Ahlab (in Assyrian Mahalhba, ibid.)—three towns on the coast south of Tyre, Kanah (Josh. xix . 28), Tyre (Phoen . S(5r, now Sur), Zarephath i or Sarepta (1 See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings xvii . 9 now Sarafand), Sidon (now Saida), Berytus (Biruta in Egyptian, Biruna in the Amarna tablets, now Beirut), Byblus (in Phoen. and Hebr . Gebal, now See also:

• JEBEIL (anc. Gebal-Byblus)

Jebeil), Arka, 8o m. north of Sidon (Gen. x . 17, now `See also:

• ARTA (Narda, i.e. iv "Ap&a, or Zarta, i,e. eis "Apra)
• ARTA, GULF OF (anc. Sinus Ambracius)

Arta), See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Sin (Assyr . Siannu, ibid.) Simyra (Gen. x . 18, now Sumra), Marathus (now Amrit) not important till the Macedonian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, Arvad or Aradus (in Phoen . Arwad, now Ruad, Gen. x . 18; Ezek. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 8, II), the most northerly of the great Phoenician towns, and always famous as a maritime See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . See also:

• RACE

Race and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

Language.—The Phoenicians were an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early offshoot from the Semitic stock, and belonged to the Canaanite See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of it .

Curiously enough in Gen. x . Sidon, the " first-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born " of See also:

• CANAAN, CANAANITES

Canaan, is classed among the descendants of See also:

• HAM

Ham; but the table of nations in Gen. x. is not arranged upon strict ethnographic principles; perhaps religious antagonism induced the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews to assign to the Canaanites an ancestry different from their own; at any See also:

• RATE

rate the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close connexion which existed from an early date between the Phoenicians and the Egyptians may have suggested the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that both peoples belonged to the same race . The Phoenicians themselves retained some memory of having migrated from older seats on an eastern sea; See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (i . 1; vii . 89) calls it the " red sea," meaning probably the tI PHOENICIA and later, by which time the language must have undergone a certain amount of decay.5 Indirectly, however, the Phoenicians rendered one great service to literature; they took a large See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the development and See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of the See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet which forms the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. v . 58) and of all See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . The Phoenician letters in their earlier types are practically identical with those used by the Hebrews (e.g. the Siloam inscr . See also:

• NSI

NSI . No . 2), the Moabites (e.g the Mesha See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, ibid . No . I), and the Aramaeans of north Syria (e.g. the Zenjirli inscrr. ibid .

Nos . 61-63) . They passed through various modifications in the course of time; after leaving the See also:

• MOTHER

mother country the script acquires a more cursive; flowing See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style on the stones from See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus and See also:

• ATTICA

Attica; the tendency becomes more strongly marked at the Punic See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage; until in the neo-Punic, from the destruction of See also:

• CARTHAGE
• CARTHAGE (Phoenician Kart-hadshat, " New City "; Gr. Kapxn5c; v, Lat. Carthago or Carchedon)
• CARTHAGE, SYNODS OF

Carthage (146 B.c.) to the 1st century A.D., both the writing and the language reached their most degenerate See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . As a rustic See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect the language lasted on in North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa till the 5th century A.D . In his sermons St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine frequently quotes Punic words . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The Phoenicians, in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the Egyptians, claimed that their See also:

• OLDEST

oldest cities had been founded by the gods themselves, and that their race could boast an antiquity of 30,000 years (See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus in See also:

• SYNCELLUS

Syncellus, Early period . p . 31) . Herodotus quotes (ii . 44) a more moderate tradition which placed the foundation of Tyre 2300 years before his time, i.e., c . 2756 B.C . According to See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin (xviii .

3) the Phoenicians, who had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been settled on the coast and occupied Sidon, founded Tyre in the See also:

• YEAR

year before the fall of See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

Troy; possibly the date 1198 B.C., given by See also:

• MENANDER
• MENANDER (342–291 B.C.)
• MENANDER (MILINDA)

Menander of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (in Jos . See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. viii . 3, 1 and c . A p. i . 18) as that from which the era of Tyre begins, may refer to the See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch which Justin mentions . Little certainty, however, can be allowed to these traditional chronologies . It is probable that in remote ages Babylonia exercised a considerable See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon Syria and its coast towns; but Mr L . W . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King has shown that the tradition, which was supposed to connect See also:

• SARGON

Sargon I . (c . 3800 B.C.) with the western land and sea, has been misunderstood; it was the sea in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, i.e. the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, which Sargon crossed (See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles concerning Early Bab . Kings, vol. i. ch .

2, 1907) . The See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Egyptian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire in the direction of See also:

• ASIA

Asia began about 1600 B.C. under Almosi (Aahmes, See also:

• AMASIS

Amasis) I., the founder of the XVIIIth See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

Dynasty, who carried Egyptian his arms into Syria, and conquered at least See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine See also:

• RULE

Rule and Phoenicia, the latter being the country called c. moo-Pa-hi on the Egyptian monuments (See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, As. u . 1100 B.c . Eur. p . 181) . Whether the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of Thothme5 (Tethmosis) I. to the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates produced any lasting results is doubtful; it was Thothmes III . (1503-1449) who repeated and consolidated the earlier See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest, and established Egyptian See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty over all the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty states of Syria and Phoenicia (see See also:

• EGYPT

EGYPT: History, I.) . For the geography and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization of Canaan about 1400 B.C. we have valuable See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in the Egyptian See also:

• PAPYRUS

papyrus Anastasi I., which mentions Kepuna (Gubna, Gebal-Byblus) the See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and continues: " Come then to Berytus, to Sidon, to Sarepta . Where is the See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford of Nat-'See also:

• ANA

ana ( ? Nahr el-I asimiyeh, or a See also:

• TOWN

town) ? Where is 'Eutu ( ? Usu, Palaetyrus) ?

Another city on the sea is called a haven, D'ar (Tyre) is its name, See also:

• WATER

water is carried to it in boats; it is richer in See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish than in sands." 6 But the fullest See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about the state of Phoenicia in the 15th and 14th centuries B.C. comes from the Amarna tablets, among which are many letters from the subject princes and the Egyptian See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors of Phoenicia to the See also:

• PHARAOH (Par'oh)

Pharaoh.7 It was a time of much See also:

• POLITICAL

political disturbance . The See also:

• HITTITES

Hittites (q.v.) were invading Syria; nomads from the See also:

• DESERT

desert supported the invasion; and many of the See also:

• LOCAL

local chiefs were ready to seize the opportunity to throw off the yoke of Egypt . The towns of Phoenicia were ' For the Phoen. inscrr. see Corpus inscriptionum semiticarum, pt. i., brought up to date provisionally by Repertoire d'epigr. sent . A selection is published by Lidzbarski, Handbuch d. nordsem . Epigraphik (1898); See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke, Textbook of North-Semitic See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions (1903), with See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations and notes; See also:

• LANDAU

Landau, Beitrdge z . Altertumsk. d . Orients (1899—1906) ; Lidzbarski, Altsem . Texte (1907), pt. i . ' See W . M . Muller, loc. cit. pp . 57, 172 sqq., 184 sqq .

; Jeremias, See also:

• DES

Des A . T. See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Lichte d. alt . Orients,. p . 302 seq . ; Records of the Past, ii . 109 seq . r Winckler, Tell-el-Am . Letters Nos . 37 sqq . ; See also:

• PETRIE, GEORGE (179o-1866)
• PETRIE, WILLIAM MATTHEW FLINDERS (1853– )

Petrie, Syria and Egypt in the Tell el Am . Letters . Persian Gulf; the tradition, therefore, seems to show that the to the 6th century B.C.; the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority belong to the 4th century Phoenicians believed that their ancestors came originally from Babylonia .

By settling along the Syrian coast they See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed a strangely un-Semitic love for the sea, and advanced on different lines from the other Canaanites who occupied the interior . They called themselves Canaanites and their land Canaan; such is their name in the Amarna tablets, Kinahhi and Kinahni; and with this agrees the statement assigned to Hecataeus (Fr. hist. gr. i . 17) that Phoenicia was formerly called Xv a, a name which See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo of Byblus adopts into his See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology by ,naking " Chna who was afterwards called Phoinix " the eponym of the Phoenicians (Fr. hist.gr. iii . 569) . In the reign of See also:

• ANTIOCHUS

Antiochus IV. and his successors the coins of See also:

• LAODICEA
• LAODICEA, SYNOD OF

Laodicea of Libanus See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend " Of Laodicea which is in Canaan ";1 the Old Testament also sometimes denotes Phoenicia and Phoenicians by " Canaan" and " Canaanites " (Isa. See also:

• XXIII

xxiii . 11; Obad . 20; Zeph. i . 11), though the latter names generally have a more ex-tended sense . But " Sidonians " is the usual designation both in the Old Testament and in the Assyrian monuments (Sidunnu); and even at the time of Tyre's greatest ascendancy we read of Sidonians and not Tyrians in the Old Testament and in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer; thus Ethbaal king of Tyre (Jos . Ant. viii . 13, 2) is called king of the Sidonians in 1' Kings xvi . 31 .

In the Homeric poems we meet with Iu3bvun, Zu3ovirt (Od. iv . 618; Il. vi . 290; Od. xiii . 285; II . Vi . 291) and d?oivcxes, rl^ocvircrl (Od. xiii . 272, xiv . 288 seq., &c.), and both terms together (Od. iv . 83 seq., H. xxiii . 743 seq.)2 And the Phoenicians themselves used Sidonians as a general name; thus in the oldest Phoenician inscription known (CIS. i . 5=NSI., No . 11), Hiram II. king of Tyre in the 8th century is styled " king of the Sidonians." But among the Greeks " Phoenicians " was the name most in use,'Foivuces (plur. of 4 oivc) for the See also:

• PEOPLE

people and 'I o vi .for the land (cf .

Pnonuxx) . The former was probably the older word, and may be traced to 4oLvbs=" See also:

• BLOOD

blood-red "; the Canaanite sailors were spoken of as the " red men " on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of their sunburnt skin; then the land from which they came was called after them; and then probably the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original connexion between 4'oIvi and Ocvos was forgotten, and new forms and meanings were invented . Thus 0oZvet came to mean a " date-See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm "; but the date-palm is not in the least characteristic of Phoenicia, and can hardly grow there; 4o-ive in this sense has no connexion with the original meaning of Phoenician . A derivation has been sought elsewhere, and the Egyptian Fenh proposed as the origin of the name; but the word Fenh was apparently used of See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic barbarians in general, without any See also:

• SPECIAL

special reference to the Phoenicians (W . M . Muller, Asien u . See also:

• EUROPA (or rather, EUROPE)

Europa, p . 208 seq.) . The See also:

• LAT

Lat . Poenus is of course merely an See also:

• ADAPTATION (from Lat. adaptare. to fit to)

adaptation of the Greek form.3 Language.—Inscriptions, coins, topographical names preserved by Greek and Latin writers, names of persons and the Punic passages in the Poenulus of See also:

• PLAUTUS, TITUS MACCIUS (originally perhaps MACCUS; cf. Asin. Prol. 11)

Plautus, all show conclusively that the Phoenician language belonged to the North-Semitic See also:

• GROUP

group, and to that sub-See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of it which is called the Canaanite and includes See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and the dialect of See also:

• MOAB

Moab . A comparison between Phoenician and Hebrew reveals close resemblances both in grammatical forms and in vocabulary ; in some respects older features have been preserved in Phoenician, others are later, others again are peculiar to the dialect; many words poetic or rare or See also:

• LATE

late in Hebrew are See also:

• COMMON

common in Phoenician . Hence we may conclude that the two See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages developed independently from a common ancestor, which can be no other, than the ancient Canaanite, of which a few words have survived in the Canaanite glosses to the Amarna tablets (written in Babylonian).' But in forming an estimate of the Phoenician language it must be remembered that our material is scanty and limited in range; the Phoenicians were in no sense a See also:

• LITERARY

literary people; moreover, with one exception (CIS. i .

5), almost all the inscriptions are subsequent ' Cooke, North-Semitic Inscriptions (elsewhere abbreviated NSI.), No . 149 B . 8 . 2 In this passage " Phoenicians " is a general name for See also:

• CARRIERS

carriers of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, not the inhabitants of a particular country . Similarly " Sidonian " in Il. vi . 209, is taken to mean Semites in general . Elsewhere " Phoenicians " are merchants, kidnappers, &c., ` Sidonians " are artists; to indicate See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality both names seem to be used indifferently, e.g . Od. xiii . 272, xiv . 288, xv . 414 . ' See especially Pietschmann, Gesch. d .

Phonizier, 13 sqq., and Winkler, Keilinschr. u. d . A . T., 3rd ed., 127 . *A vocabulary is given in KAT.', 652 seq.; see further BShh, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Sprache.d . Amarnabriefe (19o9) . divided; Aradus, Simyra, Sidon supported the See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion; Ribhabad, the See also:

• VASSAL (Fr. vassal, vassaut, vassault, &c,)

vassal of Byblus, and Abi-melech, king of Tyre, held out for Egypt; but while all the towns made professions of fidelity, they were scheming for their own interests, and in the end Egypt lost them all except Byblus . The tablets which reveal this state of affairs are written in the language and script of Babylonia, and thus show indirectly the extent to which Babylonian culture had penetrated Palestine and Phoenicia; at the same time they illustrate the closeness of the relations between the Canaanite towns and the dominant See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of Egypt . After the reign of Amenophis IV . (1376-1366) that power collapsed altogether; but his successors attempted to recover it, and Ramses (See also:

• RAMESES, or RAMESSES (Gen. xlvii. r1; Exod. xii. 37; Num. xxxiii. 3)

Rameses) II. reconquered Phoenicia as far as Beirut, and carved three tablets on the rock beside the Nahr el-Kelb to commemorate his victories; under the XIXth and XXth Dynasties this seems to have remained the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern limit of the Egyptian Empire . But in the reign of Ramses III . (c . 1200) great changes began to occur owing to the invasion of Syria by peoples from Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor and See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, which ended in the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

• PHILISTINES

Philistines on the coast near Ashkelon .

The successors of Ramses III. lost their hold over Canaan; the XXIst Dynasty no longer intervened in the affairs of Syria; but Sheshonk (Shishak), the founder of the XXIInd Dynasty, about 928 B.C. endeavoured to assert the ancient supremacy of Egypt (cf. t Kings xiv . 25 sqq.), but his successes were not lasting, and, as we learn from the Old Testament, the power of Egypt became henceforward practically ineffective . Not until 6o8 did a Pharaoh (Necho) See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead an Egyptian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army so far north, and he was defeated by See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar . During the period which elapsed before the rise of the Assyrian power in Syria the Phoenicians were See also:

• LEFT

left to themselves . This was the period of their development, and Tyre became the leading city of Phoenicia . Between the withdrawal of the Egyptian rule in Syria and the western advance of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria there comes an See also:

• INTERVAL

interval during Indepen- which the city-states of Phoenicia owned no suzerain. dente of The history of this period is mainly a history of Phoenkia- Tyre, which not only See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to a sort of See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony among the Phoenician states, but founded colonies beyond the seas (below) . From 970 to 772 B.C. the See also:

• BARE

bare outline of events is supplied by extracts from two Hellenistic historians, Menander of Ephesus and Dius (largely dependent upon Menander), which have been preserved by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, Ant. viii . 5, 3 and c . Ap. i . 17, 18 . From the data given in these passages we learn that Hiram I., son of Abi-See also:

• BAAL

baal, reigned in Tyre from 970 to 936 B.C . He enlarged the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island-town to the east, restored and enriched the temples, built new ones to Heracles (i.e .

1M1elkarth or Melqarth) and See also:

• ASTARTE

Astarte, founded the feast of the awakening of Heracles in the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month Peritius, and reduced the inhabitants of See also:

• UTICA

Utica to their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance . The Tyrian See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals, moreover, alluded to the connexion between Hiram and See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon . Before this time, indeed, the Phoenicians had no doubt lived on friendly terms with the Israelites ' (cf . See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges v . 17; Gen. xlix . 13); but the two nations seem to have See also:

• DRAWN

drawn closer in the time of Solomon . 2 Sam. v . 11, which brings See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David and Hiram together, probably antedates what happened in the following reign . For Solomon's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace and See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple Hiram contributed See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar and See also:

• FIR

fir trees as well as workmen, receiving in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange large See also:

• ANNUAL

annual payments of oil and See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, supplies which Phoenicia must have drawn regularly from Israelite districts (1 Kings v . 9, 1r; cf . Ezek. xxvii . 17; Ezr .

7; Acts xii . 20; Jos . Ant. xiv . Io, 6); finally, in return for the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold which he furnished for the temple, Hiram received the See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of a territory in Galilee (Cabul, r Kings ix . Io-14) 2 This See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance between the two monarchs led to a ' In Judges x . 12 (cf. v . 6, iii . 3) the Sidonians are mentioned among the oppressors of See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel; but there is no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of any invasion of Israel by the Phoenicians, and the statement is due to the See also:

• POST

post-exilic editor who introduced generalizations of ancient history into the See also:

• BOOK

book of Judges . 2 Jos . Ant. viii . 3, I, See also:

• DATES

dates the See also:

• BUILDING

building of Solomon's temple in the 1 ith year of Hiram, and 420 years after the foundation of Tyre . This gives a Tyrian era which began in 1198–1197 B.C., i.e. at the time when the Philistines settled on the coast of Canaan, an eventjoint expedition from Eziongeber on the Gulf of See also:

• AKABA, GULF OF

Akaba (strictly Aqaba) to See also:

• OPHIR

Ophir (? on the east coast of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, see Ora1R) for purposes of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade .

The See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of Hiram's successors given by Josephus indicates frequent changes of dynasty until the time of Ithobal I. See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest of Astarte, whose reign (887—855) marks a return to more settled rule . In contrast to Hiram I., king of Tyre, Ithobal or Ethbaal is styled in 1 Kings xvi . 31 " king of the Sidonians," i.e. of the Phoenicians, showing that in the interval the kings of Tyre had extended their rule over the other Phoenician cities . Under Ethbaal further expansion is recorded; Botrys north of Byblus and Aoza in North Africa are said to have been founded by him; the more famous Carthage owed its origin to the See also:

• CIVIL

civil discords which followed the See also:

• DEATH

death of Metten I . (820), his next successor but one . According to tradition, Metten's son See also:

• PYGMALION

Pygmalion (820-773) slew the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of his See also:

• SISTER

sister Elissa or See also:

• DIDO, or ELISSA

Dido; whereupon she fled and founded Carthage (q.v.) in See also:

• LIBYA

Libya (813; Justin xviii . 4-6) . At this point Josephus's extracts from Menander come to an end . From the time of Ethbaal onwards the See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of Phoenicia was threatened by the advance of Assyria . So far back as Itoo B.c . Tiglath-pileser I. had invaded North Assyrian Phoenicia, and in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to secure a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour on the Rule, 876-coast he occupied Arvad (Aradus); but no permanent 6058.c-occupation followed . In the 9th century, however, the systematic conquest of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west began .

In 876 B.C . See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-nazir-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal III . " washed his weapons in the great sea," and exacted See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute from the kings of Tyre, Sidon, Byblus and other cities, including Arvad (Keilinschr . Bibliothek, i . 1o9) . The inscriptions of his son See also:

• SHALMANESER [Ass. Sulmanu-afarid, " the god Sulman (Solomon) is chief "]

Shalmaneser II. mention the taking of tribute from the Tyrians and Sidonians in 846 and again in 849; the Byblians are included at the latter date, and among the kings defeated at Karkar in 854 or 853 was Metten-baal, king of the Arvadites (ibid. pp . 141, 143, 173) . Thus Shalmaneser completed the conquests of his predecessor on the Phoenician coast, and established a supremacy which lasted for over a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years and was acknowledged by occasional payments of tribute . In 741 Tiglath-pileser III. mentions on his tribute-lists " IJirfm of Tyre "; and here for the first time a piece of native evidence becomes available . The earliest Phoenician inscription at See also:

• PRESENT

present known (CIS. i . 5=NSI . No .

II) is engraved upon the fragments of a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze bowl dedicated by a certain See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Qarth-hadasht (or Karti-Hadasti, " New City," i.e . See also:

• CITIUM (Gr. Kition)

Citium), " servant of Iiiram king of the Sidonians to Baal of Lebanon." It is to be noted that this Hiram II. was not only king of Tyre, as the Assyrian inscription calls him, but of Sidon too; and further, that by this time Tyre had established a See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in Cyprus (q.v.) . In Tiglath-pileser's See also:

• PHILISTINE

Philistine campaign of 734 Byblus and Aradus paid tribute, and an Assyrian chief officer (the See also:

• RAB

Rab-shakeh) was sent to Tyre and extorted from the king, now Metten or Mattun, the large sum of 150 talents of gold (KB. ii . 23) . For the period which follows a certain amount of information is furnished by Menander (in Jos . Ant. ix . 14, 2) . Elulaeus IX., in Assyrian See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

Lull, who ruled under the name of Pylas, was king of Tyre, Sidon, and other cities at this time (c . 725-690), and at the beginning of his reign suffered from an invasion by Shalmaneser IV. or Salampsas (Jos.); this was probably the expedition against See also:

• HOSHEA (Heb. for " deliverance ")

Hoshea of See also:

• SAMARIA

Samaria in 725; " the king of Assyria .. . overran all Phoenicia, but soon made See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with them all and returned back." In the reign of Sargon Phoenicia itself seems to have been left alone; but the inhabitants of Citium revolted, showing that the authority of Tyre in Cyprus had grown weak; and Sargon received the submission of seven See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian princes, and set up in Larnaca (probably in 709) the triumphal See also:

• STELE

stele now in the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Museum (See also:

• SCHRADER, EBERHARD (1836-1908)

Schrader, Cuneif . Inscr. and O . T., and ed., vol. ii. p .

87) . But Elulaeus, according to Menander, suppressed the revolt of Citium, and early in the reign of See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib joined the See also:

• LEAGUE

league of Philistia and See also:

• JUDAH

Judah, which had considerable effect upon the' cities of Phoenicia (above, Justin xviii . 3) . In the Tyrian annals (Jos. c . Ap. i . 18) the reference was probably to the See also:

• FELLING

felling of See also:

• TIMBER

timber in Lebanon for Hiram's temples; Josephus then .misinterpreted this by r Kings v . 6 . in alliance with Egypt and See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, which aimed at throwing off the oppressive tyranny of Assyria; as usual, however, the city-states of Phoenicia could not combine even against a common foe, and several See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke away from Tyre, so Menander tells us, and sided with Assyria . In the great campaign of Tor Sennacherib came down upon the revolting provinces; he forced Luli, king of Sidon, to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly ,for See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to Cyprus, took his chief cities, and set up See also:

• TUBA

Tuba'lu (Ethbaal) as king, imposing a yearly tribute (KB. ii . 91) . The See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of Tyre by sea, significantly passed over in Sennacherib's inscription, is described by Menander . The island-city proved to be impregnable, but it was the only See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession left of what had been the extensive See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Elulaeus .

Sennacherib, however, so far accomplished his See also:

• OBJECT

object as to break up the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of Tyre and Sidon, which had grown into a powerful state.' At Sidon the successor of Ethbaal was Abd-milkath; in alliance with a Cilician chief he rebelled against Esarhaddon about the year 678, with disastrous consequences . Sidon was annihilated; Abd-milkath See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of Esarhaddon, who founded a new Sidon on the mainland, peopled it with foreigners, and called it after his own name . The old name, however, survived in popular usage; but the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the city was changed, and till the time of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus the kingdom of Sidon ceased to exist (KB. ii . 125 seq., 145; KAT.' 88) . Tyre also came in for its share of hardship . Elulaeus was followed by Baal, who in 672 consented to join Tirhaka, the Ethiopian king of Egypt, in a rebellion against Assyria . Esarhaddon, on his way to Egypt for the second time, determined to See also:

• DEAL

deal out See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment; he blockaded Tyre, and raised earthworks on the shore and cut off the water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply; but he did not See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture the city itself . His See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument found at Zenjirli represents the great king holding Baal of Tyre and Tirhaka of Egypt by cords fastened in their lips;2 there is no evidence, however, that he actually took either of them prisoner . Early in the reign of Assur-bani-pal Tyre was besieged again (668), but Assur-bani-pal succeeded no better than his predecessors . Nevertheless Baal submitted in the end, along with the princes of Gebal and Arvad, See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh of Judah, and the other Canaanite chiefs; in the island of Cyprus the Assyrians carried all before them (KB. ii . 149 seq., 169, 173) . On his return from the Arabian campaign Assur-bani-pal severely punished the rebellious inhabitants of Ushu (Palaetyrus) and Akko, and transported the survivors to Assyria (ibid .

229) . In Phoenicia, as elsewhere, Assyrian rule created nothing and left nothing behind it but a record of barbarous conquest and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion . An interesting sidelight is thrown upon this period by the list of the Thalassocracies in the Chronicon of See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius (p . 226, ed . Schoene), which places the 45 years of the sea-power of Phoenicia at a date which, with much See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability, may be conjectured to lie between 709, when Cyprus submitted to Sargon, and 664, when Egypt threw off the rule of Assyria . If this dating is correct, and the Phoenician sea-power was at its height during these years, we can understand why Tyre gave so much trouble to the Assyrian kings.' In the last crisis of the dying power of Assyria the Egyptians for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time laid hands on Phoenicia; but after their defeat The Neo- at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Carchemish (6o5), the Chaldaeans Babylonian became the masters of western Asia . See also:

• JEREMIAH

Jeremiah's Period, 605-allusion (See also:

• XXV

xxv . 22) in 604 to the approaching downfall 538 B.C. of the kings of Tyre and Sidon and the coast-land beyond the sea, i.e. the Phoenician settlements on the Mediterranean, seems to imply that the Phoenician states recovered some measure of independence; if they did it cannot have lasted long . In 588 See also:

• APRIES ('Aapcns)

Apries (Pharaoh Hophra) made an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt The above See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of Menander and the Assyrian evidence is based upon Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Ency . Bib. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 3755 .

For a different explanation see Landau; Beitr. z . Altertumsk. d . Or. vol. i., followed by Winckler, Altor . Forsch. ii . 65 sqq.; these scholars take Menander to refer to the later See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of Esarhaddon and Assur-bani-pal against Baal of Tyre . 2 See the facsimile in Ausgrabungen in Sendschirli (Berlin, 1893), and 17 for the above interpretation of it . See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John L . Myres, Journ . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell . Studies (1906), See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 84 seq., criticizing Winckler, Der Alte Orient (1905), vol. vii. pt . 2.to displace the Chaldaean supremacy; he defeated Tyre and Sidon, and terrorized the other cities into submission (Herod. ii .

161; Diod . Sic. i . 68) . Some of the Phoenician chiefs, among them Ithobal II., the new king of Tyre, while forced to yield to a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of masters, were bold enough to declare their hostility to the Babylonians . This state of affairs did not See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the vigilance of Nebuchadrezzar . After the fall of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem he marched upon Phoenicia; Apries withdrew his army, and the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Tyre began . For thirteen years the great