See also:

• PHONOLITE (Gr. ~vi7, sound, and Moos, stone)

PHONOLITE (Gr. ~vi7, See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound, and Moos, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone)  , in See also:

• PETROLOGY

petrology, a See also:

• GROUP

group of volcanic lavas containing much See also:

• NEPHELINE

nepheline and sanidine See also:

• FELSPAR, or FELDSPAR

felspar . The See also:

• TERM

term "clinkstone " was formerly given by geologists to many See also:

• FINE

fine grained compact lavas, which split into thin tough plates, and gave out a ringing See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound when struck with the See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer . Some of these clinkstones were phonolites in the See also:

• MODERN

modern sense, but as the name clinkstone was used for a large variety of rocks, many of which have no See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities with one another, it has been discarded and "See also:

• PHONOLITE (Gr. ~vi7, sound, and Moos, stone)

phonolite " is substituted for it . The group includes rocks which are See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in alkalis with only a moderate percentage of See also:

• SILICA

silica; hence they contain no See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz but much See also:

• ALKALI

alkali felspar (sanidine and anorthoclase) and nepheline . Large plates of sanidine are often visible in the rocks; the nepheline is usually not obvious to the unaided See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . Most phonolites show fluxion structure, both in the See also:

• ORIENTATION

orientation of their phenocrysts and in the smaller crystals which make up the ground-See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass; and this determines to a large extent the platy jointing . Although vitreous and pumiceous forms are known they are rare, and in the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of cases these rocks are finely crystalline with a dull or shimmering lustre in the ground-mass . Marked characteristics are the readiness with which they decompose, and the frequency of See also:

• VEINS

veins and cavities occupied by See also:

• NATROLITE

natrolite, See also:

• ANALCITE

analcite, See also:

• SCOLECITE

scolecite and other See also:

• ZEOLITES

zeolites . Small See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black grains of See also:

• AUGITE

augite or See also:

• HORNBLENDE

hornblende and sometimes See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue specks of hauyne may be seen in the rocks when they are fresh . The dominant minerals are sanidine, nepheline, See also:

• PYROXENE

pyroxene, See also:

• AMPHIBOLE

amphibole, various felspathoids and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron oxides .. The sanidine is usually in two generations, the first consisting of large crystals of flattened and See also:

• TABULAR

tabular shape, while the second See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation is represented by small rectangular prisms arranged in parallel streams in the ground-mass; these felspars are nearly always simply twinned on the See also:

• CARLSBAD

Carlsbad See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan . They contain often as much soda as potash .

The nepheline takes the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of hexagonal prisms with See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat ends, and may be completely replaced by fibrous zeolites, so that it can only be recognized by the outlines of its pseudomorphs . In some phonolites it is exceedingly abundantmagnetite and See also:

• ZIRCON

zircon occur in the phonolites, and See also:

• SPHENE

sphene is often rather See also:

• COMMON

common . Another See also:

• MINERAL

mineral which is more frequent in phonolites than in many other rocks is See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown melanite See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet . The majority of the rocks of this group are of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary or See also:

• RECENT

Recent See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, but in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland Carboniferous phonolites occur in several localities, e.g . Traprain in See also:

• HADDINGTONSHIRE, or EAST LOTHIAN

Haddingtonshire, also in the Eildon Hills and in See also:

• RENFREWSHIRE

Renfrewshire . In See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil phonolites belonging to the same See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch are also known . There are several districts in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe where Tertiary or Recent phonolites occur in considerable See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, as in See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne (Mont See also:

• DORE, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUSTAVE (1832-1883)

Dore), the See also:

• EIFEL

Eifel, and Bohemia . The See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock which lies off the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall, and is the site of a well-known lighthouse, is the only mass of phonolite in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England; it is supposed to be the remains of a Tertiary See also:

• LAVA

lava or intrusion . The See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands, Cape Verde Islands, See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, See also:

• ADEN

Aden, See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand contain many types of phonolites; they are known also in New South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, while in the See also:

• UNITED

United States phonolites occur in See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado (at Cripple See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek) and in the Black Hills of South Dakota . See also:

• LEUCITE

Leucite occurs in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of nepheline in a small group of phonolites (the leucite-phonolites), known principally from Rocca Monfina and other places near See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . Blue hauyne is rather a conspicuous mineral in some of these rocks, and they also contain a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal of sphene . When sanidine, nepheline and leucite all occur together in a volcanic rock it is classed among the leucitophyres (see PETROLOGY, See also:

• PLATE

Plate III. fig .

2) . The chemical analyses of phonolites given below show that these rocks are very rich in alkalis and alumina with only a moderate amount of silica, while See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia and iron oxides are See also:

• PRESENT

present only in small quantity . They have a close resemblance in these respects to the nepheline-syenites of which they provide the effusive types . (J . S . F.) PHORCYS•(PHORCUS, PHORCYN), in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, son of See also:

• PONTUS

Pontus (See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea) and Gaea (See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth), See also:

• FATHER

father of the Graeae, the Gorgons, Scylla, and Ladon (the See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon that guarded the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden apples of the See also:

• HESPERIDES

Hesperides) . In See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer (Odyssey, xiii . 96) he is an aged sea-deity, after whom a See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour in See also:

• ITHACA
• ITHACA ('IeaK77)

Ithaca was named . According to See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro (quoted by Servius in Aeneid, V . 824) Phorcys was a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• CORSICA (Fr. Corse)

Corsica and Sardinia, who, having been defeated by King See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas in a See also:

• NAVAL

naval engagement in the course of which he was drowned, was subsequently worshipped as a marine divinity .