See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)  , See also:

• PATRIARCH (M.E. and O. Fr. patriarche, Lat. patriarcha, Gr. aarpuipxtis, from srarptu., clan, and apxil, rule)

patriarch of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (858–867 and 878-886) . From his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years he displayed an extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent and appetite for knowledge, and as soon as he had completed his own See also:

• EDUCATION

education he began to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach with distinguished success See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, divinity and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . The way to public See also:

• LIFE

life was probably opened for him by the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius to the princess See also:

• IRENE

Irene, See also:

• SISTER

sister of See also:

• THEODORA
• THEODORA (d. 1057)

Theodora, who, upon the See also:

• DEATH

death of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus in 842, had assumed the regency of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . See also:

• PHOTIUS
• PHOTIUS (c. 82o-891)

Photius became See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of the guard and subsequently first imperial secretary . The dissensions between the patriarch See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius and Bardas, the See also:

• UNCLE

uncle of the youthful See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael III., brought promotion to Photius . Ignatius was arrested and imprisoned (Nev . 858), and upon refusing to resign his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office was illegally deposed, while Photius, although a layman, received all the necessary sacerdotal orders within six days, and was installed as patriarch in his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Ignatius, continuing to refuse the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication which could alone have given Photius's See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation a semblance of legality, was treated with extreme severity . His cause was subsequently espoused by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas in a manner highly offensive to the891 . For See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after Photius's death his memory was held in no See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour by his countrymen . But when, in the crusading See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state were alike in danger from Latin encroachments, Photius became a See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero, and is at See also:

• PRESENT

present regarded as little See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short of a See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint . To this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character he has not the least pretension .

Few men, it is probable, have been more atrociously calumniated; but, when every specific statement to his See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice has been rejected, he still appears on a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of his actions worldly, crafty and unscrupulous . Yet he shows to no little See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage as an ecclesiastical statesman . His firmness was heroic: his sagacity profound and far-seeing; he supported. See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good and evil See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune with equal dignity; and his fall was on both occasions due to revolutions beyond his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . In erudition, See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and force and versatility of See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect he far surpassed every contemporary . The most important of the See also:

• WORKS

works of Photius is his renowned Bibliotheca or Myriobiblon (ed . I . See also:

• BEKKER (or WOLFF), ELIZABETH (1738–1804)
• BEKKER, AUGUST IMMANUEL (1785–1871)
• BEKKER, BALTHASAR (1634–1698)

Bekker, 1824–1825), a collection of extracts from and abridgments of 28o volumes of classical authors (usually cited as Codices), the originals of which are now to a See also:

• GREAT

great extent lost . The See also:

• WORK

work is specially See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in extracts from See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical writers . To Photius we are indebted for almost all we possess of See also:

• CTESIAS

Ctesias, See also:

• MEMNON

Memnon, See also:

• CONON

Conon, the lost books of Diodorus Siculus, and the lost writings of See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian . See also:

• THEOLOGY

Theology and ecclesiastical See also:

• HISTORY

history are also very fully represented, but See also:

• POETRY

poetry and See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient philosophy are almost entirely ignored . It seems that he did not think it necessary to See also:

• DEAL

deal with those authors with whom every well-educated See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man would naturally be See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar . The literary criticisms, generally distinguished by keen and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, and the excerpts, vary considerably in length .

The numerous See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical notices are probably taken from the work of See also:

• HESYCHIUS

Hesychius of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus . The+ See also:

• LEXICON

Lexicon (A&femv Euvaymyit), published later than the Bibliotheca, was probably in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main the work of some of his pupils . It was intended as a See also:

• BOOK

book of reference to facilitate the See also:

• READING

reading of old classical and sacred authors, whose See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and vocabulary were out of date, The only MS. of the Lexicon is the Codex Galeanus, formerly in the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

Gale (q.v.), and now in the library of Trinity See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge (ed . S . A . Naber, 1864, with introduction on the authorities, See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical commentary, and valuable indexes) . His most important theological work is the Amphilochia, a collection of some 300 questions and answers on difficult points in Scripture, addressed to Amphilochius, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• CYZICUS

Cyzicus (ed . See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles Oeconomus, See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, 1858) . Other similar works are his See also:

• TREATISE

treatise in four books against the Manichaeans and See also:

• PAULICIANS

Paulicians, and his controversy with the Latins on the Procession of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Spirit . His Epistles, See also:

• POLITICAL

political and private, addressed to high church and state dignitaries, are valuable for the See also:

• LIGHT

light they throw upon the character and versatility of the writer (ed . J . Valettas, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1864) .

A large number of his speeches and homilies have been edited by S . Aristarches (1900) . The only See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition is See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop See also:

• MALOU, JULES EDOUARD XAVIER (1810-1886)

Malou's in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Patrologia graeca, ci.–cv . R . Reifzenstein (Der Anfang See also:

• DES

des Lexikons des Photius, 1907) has published a hitherto unedited MS. containing numerous fragments from various See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and See also:

• PROSE

prose authors . After the allusions in his own writings the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief contemporary authority for the life of Photius is his See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter enemy, Nicetas the Paphlagonian, the biographer of his See also:

• RIVAL

rival Ignatius . The See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• MODERN

modern work is that of See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal See also:

• HERGENROTHER, JOSEPH VON (1824-189o)

Hergenrother, Photius, Patriarch von Constantinopel (1867–1869) . As a dignitary of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic Church, Cardinal Hergenrother is inevitably biased against Photius as an ecclesiastic, but his natural candour and sympathy with intellectual See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence have made him just to the man . See also See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article by F . Kattenbusch in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklop6.See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur protestantische Theologie (1904), containing full See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical details; J . A . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius, Bibliotheca graeca, x .

67o-776, xi . 1–37 ; C . See also:

• KRUMBACHER, CARL (1856–1909)

Krumbacher, Geschichte der byzantinischen Litteratur, pp . 73-79, 515–524 (2nd ed., 1897) ; J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, History of Classical Scholarship (2nd ed., 1906) .