See also:

• PHRENOLOGY (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)

PHRENOLOGY (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)  , the name given by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster to the empirical See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology formulated by F . J . See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall, and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by his followers, especially by J . K . See also:

• SPURZHEIM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH

Spurzheim and G . See also:

• COMBE, ANDREW (1797-1847)
• COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858)
• COMBE, or COOMB
• COMBE, WILLIAM (1741–1823)

Combe, by whom it was named " cranioscopy," " craniology," " See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy " or " zoonomy." The principles upon which it is based are five: (1) the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain is the See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the mind; (2) the See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man can be analysed into a definite number of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent faculties; (3) these faculties are innate, and each has its seat in a definite region of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the brain; (4) the See also:

• SIZE

size of each such region is the measure of the degree to which the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty seated in it forms a constituent See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the individual; (5) the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between the See also:

• OUTER

outer surface of the See also:

• SKULL

skull and the See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the brain-surface beneath is sufficiently See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to enable the observer to recognize the relative sizes of these several See also:

• ORGANS

organs by the examination of the outer surface of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . It professes primarily to be a system of psychology, but its second and more popular claim is that it affords a method whereby the disposition and character of the subject may be ascertained . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—That the phenomena of mind are in some measure connected with the See also:

• ACTION

action of the brain has been recognized from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . It is true that See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle' describes the brain as the coldest and most bloodless of bodily organs, of the nature of See also:

• WATER

water and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, whose See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief purpose is to See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the excessive See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, as the cooler regions of the See also:

• FIRMAMENT

firmament condense the vapours rising from the earth . ' De partibus animalium, ii. c . 7 (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1629, p . 986).In his view, as in that of most of the earlier writers of other nations of antiquity, the heart is the seat of See also:

• LIFE

life; to it, not to the brain, the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew writers refer thoughts and affections, while they considered See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment as seated sometimes in the head, sometimes in the kidneys ?

This was likewise the teaching of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian philosophy; and hence, while many See also:

• RITES

rites were practised and prayers offered for the preservation of the heart of the deceased, there were none for the conservation of the brain.' We learn from See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes Laertius4 that See also:

• PYTHAGORAS
• PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.)

Pythagoras held more accurate physiological views, as he taught that the mind and the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect have their seat in the brain . The theory of See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates was See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean rather than Aristotelian, for, although in one passage in his See also:

• WORK

work De corde he expresses himself doubtfully, yet elsewhere he clearly states that he considers the brain to be the See also:

• INDEX

index and messenger of the intellect.' The cerebral seat of sense-See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception is also taught by See also:

• PLATO

Plato,' who puts into the mouth of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates the theory that the brain is the organ affected by the senses, whereby memory and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion arise, and from whence knowledge springs . The classic poets also See also:

• NOTICE

notice this dependence of mind on brain; for example, in the Clouds (v . 1276) Strepsiades accuses Amynias of not being in his right mind, and, on being asked why, responds, " You seem to me as if you had had a concussion of the brain." The two founders of anatomical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, Erasistratus and Herophilus, who lived in the days of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy See also:

• SOTER

Soter, taught not only that the brain was the seat of sensation and of intellect, but also that there was therein a certain degree of localization of See also:

• FUNCTION

function . Erasistratus believed that the sensory nerves arose from the brain-membranes, the motor from the cerebral sub-stance . Herophilus was apparently the first who held that the vital forces resided in and circulated from the ventricles of the brain, at least so we gather from See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus and the other authors who have preserved his views . By the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the writings of See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen,'' which directly See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that the brain is the seat of soul and intellect the Pythagorean See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine prevailed among the later philosophers . According to the Galenical theory the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits have their origin in the ventricles of the brain, and pass into the heart from which they are conveyed by the See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries through the See also:

• BODY

body . Galen in one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place (viii . 159) refers their origin to the brain-substance, but the ventricular theory was that adopted by his followers, some of whom suggested that there was some relation between the shape of the head and the character and disposition of the mind.' The Arabian physicians Averroes9 and Rhazes10 adopted the Galenical doctrine and developed the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of a fourfold ventricular localization of faculties, which the Greeks had originated . See also:

• AVICENNA

Avicenna" added to these a fifth region . Such of the early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian authors as referred in 2 In the See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee portion of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel (ii .

28, iv . 5, vii . I) visions and thoughts are referred to the head . For other particulars as to early views see Nasse on the psychical relations of the heart in Zeitschr. f. psychische Aerzte (1818), vol. i . A few of the later medical writers See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express similar views ; see See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz,Opuscula medica, See also:

• MADRID

Madrid (1624) . See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Dead, ch. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.–See also:

• XXX

xxx . 4 viii . 30; ed . See also:

• COBET, CAREL GABRIEL (1813-1889)

Cobet, Paris (185o), p . 211,–cbpisas Si Kai soils, ra Iv Tip EyKE'bhX . 5 De morbo sacro, on Opp. ed . See also:

• KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812–1881)

Kuhn, i .

612 seq . ; also Epist. iii . 824 . Among later writers Licetus of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa taught the co-See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of soul and body, upon which subject he wrote two books (See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, 1616) . In this connexion may be noted a curious work by Schegkius, Dialogus de animae principatu, Aristotelis et Galeni rations praeferens quibus ille cordi, hic cerebro, principatum attribuit (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1542) . 6 See also:

• PHAEDO

Phaedo, See also:

• VALPY, RICHARD (1754-1836)

Valpy's ed . 1833, ch. xlv., p . 128 . See also See also:

• HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708–1777)
• HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492–1536)

Haller's Bibl. anat., i . 3o . 7 De usu partium, ed . Kuhn, iii .

700.-See also:

• RAS

ras µiv ovv 62roSEtl;ELs Tov T7)V XOyLUTLK'1/V %"Xf/Y OLKELY EY E''yKE4aXLd, Kal 7rPEV/4a 'JVXLKIY Ev See also:

• AUT

aUT(, 7rEpLExeat9at 7raµ7roXv . See also v . 288, viii . 159, xv . 360 . In his See also:

• DEFINITIONS

Definitions medicae (467, xix . 459) he says that the brain has a II'vxu) Sbva,,S, but does not specify in what See also:

• PART

part the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power inheres . 6 See See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus See also:

• AEGINETA, PAULUS

Aegineta, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's ed . 1567, cap . 62, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 363, also Actuarius, De actionibus et affectibus spiritus animalis (Paris, 1556), p . 22, C .

7 . 9 Comment. in Arist., Latin tr . (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1550), vi . 73 . ' 10 " Imaginatio quidem in doubus ventricuhs anterioribus perficitur . Cogitatio vero in medio expletur . Memoria autem posteriorem possidet ventriculam." De re medica, See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard's trans . (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1554), i.9 . "See also:

• LIB

Lib. canons (1507), p . 19, and De naturalibus, c . 6 . their writings to the relation of soul to body naturally adopted the teaching of Galen which they accommodated to their See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, thereby conferring on it an importance which rendered correction difficult .

See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian 7 in a sense expresses his belief in a theory of localization as also at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period does Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas.2 Early in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Albertus Magnus3 gave a detailed description of the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of mental and psychical faculties in the head . The anterior region he assigned to judgment, the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle to See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, and the posterior to memory . A some-what similar allocation was made by See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine in See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier (1296),' who assigned See also:

• COMMON

common sensation and the reception of impressions to the anterior cornua of the lateral ventricles, phantasia to the posterior, this power being two-See also:

• FOLD

fold (imaginativa and cogitativa), judgment or aestimativa to the third ventricle, and memory to the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth.5 Figures of a similar See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division were given by Petrus Montagnana 6 and Lodovico Dolce7 still later by Ghiradelli of Bologna3 and by See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore Gall of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp .9 That the " vital spirits " resided in the ventricles was doubted by many, and denied by a few of the anatomists of the 17th century . G . See also:

• BAUHIN, GASPARD (156o-1624)

Bauhin in 162110 attacked the old view, and See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann of Altorf showed that, as the ventricles were closed cavities, they could not transmit any material fluid . That these spirits existed at all was doubted by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus," Plater,12 and a few others; but they were believed in by the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of 17th and even of 18th century medical writers, many of whom conceived that the ventricles were sent per pleni spiritibus animalibus flammulis similibus, See also:

• QUORUM (Lat. for " of whom ")

quorum beneficiis intelligimus, sentimus, et movemus,13 and the opponents of this view were strongly assailed by J . Riolan and others as revolutionary . See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus" ridiculed the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the convoluted surface can have anything to do with intellect, as the See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, a proverbially stupid animal, has a convoluted cerebrum . According to his view, the convolutions are for the purpose of lightening the brain and facilitating its movements . The See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MATTER

matter of the surface of the cerebrum was recognized as the true dynamic element by M . See also:

• MALPIGHI, MARCELLO (1628-1694)

Malpighi 15 and T . See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis." 1 De anima, cxiv .

(ed . See also:

• FRANEKER

Franeker, 1597), p . 268 . Summa theologiae, ed . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, i . 1094, 1106-7 . Prochaska and his translator, Laycock (Mind and Brain, ii . 163), See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge See also:

• DUNS

Duns Scotus with holding this view; probably he did, but he does not express it, as he simply specifies the cerebrum and its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, as the source of the nerves along which sensory impulses travel . Comment. de anima, i . 515 (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1637) . 3 See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera, iii . 124, Vi .

20 (Leiden, 1651) . 4 Lilium medicinae, 1o1 (Venice, 1494) . 5 Avicenna's fifth region is interposed between imaginativa and aestimativa (De naturalibus, c. vi.) . Thomas Aquinas combines the last two, which he says are possessed by the same See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he says of ratio particularis, " See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

medici assignant determinatum organum, scilicet mediam partem capitis " (i . 1106) . 6 Physiognomia (Padua, 1491) . 7 Dialogo nel quale si ragione del modo di accrescere e conservar la memoria, 27 (Venice, 1562) . 8 Physiognomia, 167o . 9 Tabulae element. scientiae (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1632) . to Theatr. anat . (Basel, 1621, iii .

314); Caspar Hoffmann, De usu cerebri (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1619) . See also Spigelius, De corp. humani fabrica, 296 (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1645); Varolius (2591), p . 6; Wepfer, Historiarum apeplecticarum potissimum anatomise subjectorum auctarium (Amster- See also:

• DAM

dam, 1681) . See also many of the anatomical See also:

• WORKS

works of this age, such as those of See also:

• FERNEL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1497-1558)

Fernel, Cabrol, Argenterius, Rolfinck, &c . " Alexander Benedictus, Anatomica, vol. iii . (Basel, 1527) . Quercetanus is said by Laycock (following Prochaska )to have assailed this doctrine of spirits; on what ground is not apparent, as he certainly expresses himself as a believer in the old view; see Tetras graviss. totius capitis affect. x . 89 (See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, 16o6) . Possibly Prochaska may allude to an obscure passage in the work of the other Quercetanus (Eustachius), Acroamaton in librum Hippocratis, p . 14 (Basel, 1549), not to the better-known See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus Armeniacus; but he gives no reference . 12 Opera, col . 22, 89 (Basel, 1625) .

13 Joelis opera medica, 22 (Amsterdam, 1663) . 11 De re anatomica, p . 350 (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1593) . '3" Epist. de cerebro et See also:

• CORT, CORNELIS (1536-1578)

cort. cereb. ad Fracassatum," in Opp., vol. ii . (See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, 1685) . 16 De anima brutorum, p . 71 (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1677), " hae particulae subtilissimae, spiritus animales dictae, partium istarum substantias corticales primo subeuntes, exinde in utriusque meditullia," &c.; also p . 76 seq . The latter regarded the convoluted surface of the cerebrum as the seat of the memory and the will, the convolutions being intended to retain the animal spirits for the various acts of imagination and memory . Imagination he described as seated in the corpus callosum, sense-perception in the corpus striatum, and impetus et perturbatio in the basal parts of the cerebrum above the crura . The thalami he regarded as the centres of sight and the cerebellum of involuntary acts . Succeeding anatomists simply varied these localizations according to their respective fancies .

G . M . Lancisi placed sense-perception in the corpus callosum, R . Vieussens in the centrum ovale majus . R . See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes supposed the soul to be seated in the pineal gland, others in the brain-commissures especially the pons Varolii.17 See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer considered abstract ideas to arise in the cerebellum, and memory to have its seat at the roots of the nerves." Of later writers three deserve See also:

• SPECIAL

special notice, as having largely prepared the way for the more See also:

• MODERN

modern school of phreno?ogy . J . A . Unzer, of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, in his work on See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology extended the pre-existing theories of localization . Metzger,19 twenty years before the publication of Prochaska's work, had proposed to make a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of observations on the anatomical characters of the brains of persons of marked intellectual peculiarity; but apparently he did not carry this into effect . In a more special manner Prochaska of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna may be looked upon as the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• PHRENOLOGY, (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)

phrenology, as in his work on the See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous system, published in Vienna in 1784, are to be found the germs of the later views which were propounded in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city twelve years later 20 The system formulated by Gall (q.v.) is thus a modern expansion of an old empirical philosophy, and its immediate parentage is easily traced, although, according to Gall's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, it was with him the result of independent observations . These, he tells us, he began to make at an early age, by learning to correlate the outward appearances and mental qualities of his school-See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows .

Gall's first published See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper was a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in the Deutsche ?. Merkur of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1798, but his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal expositions were oral, and attracted much popular See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, which increased when, in 1802, he was commanded by the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, at the instance of the ecclesiastical authorities, to discontinue his public lectures . In 1804 he obtained the co-operation of Spurzheim (1776-1832), a native of Longwich, near Treves, who became his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil in 1800, and proved a powerful ally in promulgating the system . See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master and pupil at first taught in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony, but they found it advisable to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate in 1813; and we find Spurzheim, several years after their parting, declaring that Gall had not introduced any improvements into his system since their separation (notes to Chenevix, p . 99) . " My philosophical views," he also says, " widely differ from those of Gall." In Paris, where he settled in 1807, Gall made many influential converts to his system . F . J . V . See also:

• BROUSSAIS, FRANCOIS JOSEPH VICTOR (1772-1838)

Broussais, H . M . D. de See also:

• BLAINVILLE
• BLAINVILLE, HENRI MARIE DUCROTAY DE (1777–1850)

Blainville, H .

See also:

• CLOQUET

Cloquet, G . Andral, E . See also:

• GEOFFROY
• GEOFFROY, ETIENNE FRANCOIS (1672-1731)
• GEOFFROY, JULIEN LOUIS (1743-1814)

Geoffroy St-Hilaire, Vimont and others adopted it and countenanced its progress . Gall visited Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, but the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of phrenology here was chiefly due to Spurzheim, who lectured through the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and through See also:

• AMERICA

America, and with the aid of his pupil, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Combe, attracted a large popular following . His most influential disciples were J . See also:

• ELLIOTSON, JOHN (1791-1868)

Elliotson, See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Combe, See also:

• SIR

Sir G . S . See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, R . Macnish, T . Laycock and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop R . See also:

• WHATELY, RICHARD (1787-1863)

Whately, and in America Caldwell and J . Godman .

On the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side many influential men took up a strongly antagonistic position, prominent among whom were J . See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay the anatomist, P . M . Roget, Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell, Sir.W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, F . See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey, H . P . See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham, T . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown and Sir B . See also:

• BRODIE, PETER BELLINGER (1815–1897)
• BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS

Brodie . The nature of the system rendered it eminently fitted to catch public attention, and it rapidly attained to so great a 17 . See also:

• FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR (1801-1887)

Fechner, Elemente der Psychophysik, ii .

396 . 18 Some of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval views were very fanciful, thus Shabbethai b . See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, the earliest Jewish writer on medicine (d . A.D . 959), thought that the spirit of life has its seat in the brain-membrane, See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded over the brain and subarachnoid fluid, as the See also:

• SHEKINAH

Shekinah in the heavens arched over the earth and See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . See Der Mensch als Gottes Ebenbild, ed . See also:

• JELLINEK, ADOLF (1821–1893)

Jellinek (Leipzig, 1854), and See also:

• CASTELLI, IGNAZ FRANZ (1781—1862)

Castelli, Commento (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 188o) . 19 Vermischte medicinische Schriften (1764), 1 . 58 . 2° See Laycock's trans.. in Sydenh . Society's Pub . (1851) .

degree of popularity that in 1832 there were twenty-nine phrenological See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in Great Britain, and several See also:

• JOURNALS

journals devoted to phrenology in Britain and America; of these the Phrenological See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, a quarterly, edited chiefly by George Combe with aid from others of the See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh confraternity, notably Sir George Mackenzie and Macnish, " the modern Pythagorean," lived from 1823 to 1847, through twenty volumes . The controversy in many places was heated and often See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, and thislargely increased the popular See also:

• INTEREST

interest . In the Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review the theory was severely criticized by Thomas Brown, and afterwards in a still more trenchant manner by Jeffrey . In See also:

• BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-1834)

Blackwood it was ridiculed by Professor See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson . Being a subject which See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent itself easily to See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque, it was parodied cleverly in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• RHYME

rhyme by two authors, " The Craniad," 87 pages long, published in 1817, while, on the other hand, See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse was pressed into its service in the rhyme " Phrenology in Edinburgh " in 1824.1 The•best See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the system was that by Chenevix in the third number of the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Quarterly, afterwards reprinted with notes by Spurzheim . The Faculties and their Localities.—The system of Gall was constructed by a method of pure See also:

• EMPIRICISM (from Gr. Eµrretpor, skilled in, from sreipa, experiment)

empiricism, and his so-called organs were for the most part identified on slender grounds . Having selected the place of a faculty, he examined the heads of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and casts of persons with that peculiarity in common, and in them he sought for the distinctive feature of their characteristic trait . Some of his earlier studies were made among See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low associates, in gaols and in lunatic asylums, and some of the qualities located by him were such as tend to become perverted to See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime . These he named after their excessive manifestations, mapping out organs of See also:

• MURDER

murder, See also:

• THEFT

theft, &c.; but as this See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast some discredit on the system the names were changed by Spurzheim, who claimed as his the moral and religious considerations associated with it . Gall marked out on his See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the head the places of twenty-six organs as See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round enclosures with vacant interspaces . Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole See also:

• SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp into oblong and conterminous patches (see the accompanying figures) . Other methods of division and other names have been suggested by succeeding authors, especially by See also:

• COX, DAVID (1783-1859)
• COX, JACOB DOLSON (1828-1900)
• COX, KENYON (1856– )
• COX, RICHARD (I3oo ?–1581)
• COX, SAMUEL (1826–1893)
• COX, SAMUEL HANSON (1793-1880)
• COX, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1827-1902)

Cox, See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (not See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney), Toulmin Smith, K .

G . See also:

• CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (1789–1869)
• CARUS, MARCUS AURELIUS

Carus of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Mariano Cubi i See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

Solar, W . B . See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

Powell of See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, J . R . See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan of See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati, Hittel of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . Some, like the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, raise the number of organs to See also:

• FORTY

forty-three; but the system of Spurzheim and Combe is that which has always been most popular in Britain . Spurzheim separated the component faculties of the human mind into two great See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and subdivided these as follows: I . Feelings, divided into 1 . Propensities, See also:

• INTERNAL

internal impulses inviting only to certain actions . 2 . Sentiments, impulses which prompt to emotion as well as to action .

A . See also:

• LOWER

Lower—those common to man and the lower animals . B . Higher—those proper to man . II . Intellectual faculties . 1 . Perceptive faculties . 2 . Reflective faculties . In the following See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list the locality and the circumstances of the first recognition of the organ are appended to the names, which are mostly the inventions of Spurzheim . Gall's names are placed in brackets ?

Propensities . r . Amativeness (See also:

• INSTINCT

Instinct de la See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation), median, below the inion; first determined by Gall from its heat in an hysterical widow, supposed to be confirmed by many observations, and referred to the cerebellum.' ' Other burlesque and satirical writings were published at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, notably The Phrenologists, a See also:

• FARCE

farce by See also:

• WADE (or WAAD), SIR WILLIAM (1546-1623)
• WADE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1800-1878)
• WADE, GEORGE (1673-1748)
• WADE, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS (1818-1895)
• WADE, THOMAS (18o5-1875)

Wade (183o) ; The Head-piece, or Phrenology opposed to Divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation, by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James the Less; and A See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

Helmet for the Headpiece, or Phrenology incompatible with See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason, by Daniel the Seer . 3 For topographical purposes See also:

• BROCA, PAUL (1824-188o)

Broca's names are adopted as the most convenient for localities on the head . ' See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius speaking of the love of See also:

• MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea for See also:

• JASON ('Iaacov)

Jason (Argonautica, 760-765) says, ISLLKps b' O0r' 6 OaXrpv Pies • 1vSOBL 5' cast rsip' M e',7 o'iAxovera &ch xpods, dt.4¢i dpaZac Zvoc Kai KettaMis, See also:

• BIRD

bird, vetarov ivto, AXpLs, . . . 2 . Philoprogenitiveness (Amour de la progeniture), median, on the squama occipitis, and selected as the organ for the love of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children because this part of the skull is usually more prominent in apes and in See also:

• WOMEN

women, in whom the love of children is supposed to be stronger than in men . 3 . Concentrativeness, below the obelion and over the lambda . This is a region of uncertain function, unnoticed by Gall, but de-scribed as Inhabitiveness by Spurzheim, because he found it large in See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and in a clergyman fond of his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . It has since been considered by Combe to be the seat of the power of concentration, whereof he believed Inhabitiveness to be a special See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case .

4 . Adhesiveness (Amitie), over the lateral See also:

• AREA