See also:

• PHRENOLOGY (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)

PHRENOLOGY (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)  , the name given by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• IGNATIUS ('Iyvfrior)

Ignatius See also:

• FORSTER, FRANCOIS (179o-,872)
• FORSTER, FRIEDRICH CHRISTOPH (1791-1868)
• FORSTER, JOHANN GEORG ADAM (1754-1794)
• FORSTER, JOHN (1812-1876)
• FORSTER, JOHN COOPER (1823-1886)
• FORSTER, WILLIAM EDWARD (1818-1886)

Forster to the empirical See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

psychology formulated by F . J . See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

Gall, and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by his followers, especially by J . K . See also:

• SPURZHEIM, JOHANN CHRISTOPH

Spurzheim and G . See also:

• COMBE, ANDREW (1797-1847)
• COMBE, GEORGE (1788-1858)
• COMBE, or COOMB
• COMBE, WILLIAM (1741–1823)

Combe, by whom it was named " cranioscopy," " craniology," " See also:

• PHYSIOGNOMY

physiognomy " or " zoonomy." The principles upon which it is based are five: (1) the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain is the See also:

• ORGAN

organ of the mind; (2) the See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man can be analysed into a definite number of See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent faculties; (3) these faculties are innate, and each has its seat in a definite region of the See also:

• SURFACE

surface of the brain; (4) the See also:

• SIZE

size of each such region is the measure of the degree to which the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty seated in it forms a constituent See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the individual; (5) the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between the See also:

• OUTER

outer surface of the See also:

• SKULL

skull and the See also:

• CONTOUR

contour of the brain-surface beneath is sufficiently See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to enable the observer to recognize the relative sizes of these several See also:

• ORGANS

organs by the examination of the outer surface of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . It professes primarily to be a system of psychology, but its second and more popular claim is that it affords a method whereby the disposition and character of the subject may be ascertained . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—That the phenomena of mind are in some measure connected with the See also:

• ACTION

action of the brain has been recognized from a very See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . It is true that See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle' describes the brain as the coldest and most bloodless of bodily organs, of the nature of See also:

• WATER

water and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, whose See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief purpose is to See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the excessive See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, as the cooler regions of the See also:

• FIRMAMENT

firmament condense the vapours rising from the earth . ' De partibus animalium, ii. c . 7 (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1629, p . 986).In his view, as in that of most of the earlier writers of other nations of antiquity, the heart is the seat of See also:

• LIFE

life; to it, not to the brain, the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew writers refer thoughts and affections, while they considered See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment as seated sometimes in the head, sometimes in the kidneys ?

This was likewise the teaching of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian philosophy; and hence, while many See also:

• RITES

rites were practised and prayers offered for the preservation of the heart of the deceased, there were none for the conservation of the brain.' We learn from See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes Laertius4 that See also:

• PYTHAGORAS
• PYTHAGORAS (6th century B.C.)

Pythagoras held more accurate physiological views, as he taught that the mind and the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect have their seat in the brain . The theory of See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates was See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean rather than Aristotelian, for, although in one passage in his See also:

• WORK

work De corde he expresses himself doubtfully, yet elsewhere he clearly states that he considers the brain to be the See also:

• INDEX

index and messenger of the intellect.' The cerebral seat of sense-See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception is also taught by See also:

• PLATO

Plato,' who puts into the mouth of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates the theory that the brain is the organ affected by the senses, whereby memory and See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion arise, and from whence knowledge springs . The classic poets also See also:

• NOTICE

notice this dependence of mind on brain; for example, in the Clouds (v . 1276) Strepsiades accuses Amynias of not being in his right mind, and, on being asked why, responds, " You seem to me as if you had had a concussion of the brain." The two founders of anatomical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, Erasistratus and Herophilus, who lived in the days of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy See also:

• SOTER

Soter, taught not only that the brain was the seat of sensation and of intellect, but also that there was therein a certain degree of localization of See also:

• FUNCTION

function . Erasistratus believed that the sensory nerves arose from the brain-membranes, the motor from the cerebral sub-stance . Herophilus was apparently the first who held that the vital forces resided in and circulated from the ventricles of the brain, at least so we gather from See also:

• CELSUS (c. A.D. 178)

Celsus and the other authors who have preserved his views . By the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the writings of See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen,'' which directly See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach that the brain is the seat of soul and intellect the Pythagorean See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine prevailed among the later philosophers . According to the Galenical theory the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits have their origin in the ventricles of the brain, and pass into the heart from which they are conveyed by the See also:

• ARTERIES (Gr. ap-rnpia, probably from a"spew, to raise, but popularly connected by the ancients with ai7P, air)

arteries through the See also:

• BODY

body . Galen in one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place (viii . 159) refers their origin to the brain-substance, but the ventricular theory was that adopted by his followers, some of whom suggested that there was some relation between the shape of the head and the character and disposition of the mind.' The Arabian physicians Averroes9 and Rhazes10 adopted the Galenical doctrine and developed the See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis of a fourfold ventricular localization of faculties, which the Greeks had originated . See also:

• AVICENNA

Avicenna" added to these a fifth region . Such of the early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian authors as referred in 2 In the See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee portion of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel (ii .

28, iv . 5, vii . I) visions and thoughts are referred to the head . For other particulars as to early views see Nasse on the psychical relations of the heart in Zeitschr. f. psychische Aerzte (1818), vol. i . A few of the later medical writers See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express similar views ; see See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz,Opuscula medica, See also:

• MADRID

Madrid (1624) . See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Dead, ch. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi.–See also:

• XXX

xxx . 4 viii . 30; ed . See also:

• COBET, CAREL GABRIEL (1813-1889)

Cobet, Paris (185o), p . 211,–cbpisas Si Kai soils, ra Iv Tip EyKE'bhX . 5 De morbo sacro, on Opp. ed . See also:

• KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812–1881)

Kuhn, i .

612 seq . ; also Epist. iii . 824 . Among later writers Licetus of See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa taught the co-See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of soul and body, upon which subject he wrote two books (See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua, 1616) . In this connexion may be noted a curious work by Schegkius, Dialogus de animae principatu, Aristotelis et Galeni rations praeferens quibus ille cordi, hic cerebro, principatum attribuit (See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, 1542) . 6 See also:

• PHAEDO

Phaedo, See also:

• VALPY, RICHARD (1754-1836)

Valpy's ed . 1833, ch. xlv., p . 128 . See also See also:

• HALLER, ALBRECHT VON (1708–1777)
• HALLER, BERTHOLD (1492–1536)

Haller's Bibl. anat., i . 3o . 7 De usu partium, ed . Kuhn, iii .

700.-See also:

• RAS

ras µiv ovv 62roSEtl;ELs Tov T7)V XOyLUTLK'1/V %"Xf/Y OLKELY EY E''yKE4aXLd, Kal 7rPEV/4a 'JVXLKIY Ev See also:

• AUT

aUT(, 7rEpLExeat9at 7raµ7roXv . See also v . 288, viii . 159, xv . 360 . In his See also:

• DEFINITIONS

Definitions medicae (467, xix . 459) he says that the brain has a II'vxu) Sbva,,S, but does not specify in what See also:

• PART

part the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power inheres . 6 See See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus See also:

• AEGINETA, PAULUS

Aegineta, See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen's ed . 1567, cap . 62, See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 363, also Actuarius, De actionibus et affectibus spiritus animalis (Paris, 1556), p . 22, C .

7 . 9 Comment. in Arist., Latin tr . (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1550), vi . 73 . ' 10 " Imaginatio quidem in doubus ventricuhs anterioribus perficitur . Cogitatio vero in medio expletur . Memoria autem posteriorem possidet ventriculam." De re medica, See also:

• GERARD (c. 1040-1120)
• GERARD (d. I1o8)
• GERARD, ETIENNE MAURICE, COUNT (1773–1852)
• GERARD, FRANCOIS, BARON (1770-1837)
• GERARD, JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE (1803-1847)
• GERARD, JOHN (1545-1612)
• GERARD, or GIRARD, AUDRAN

Gerard's trans . (See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel, 1554), i.9 . "See also:

• LIB

Lib. canons (1507), p . 19, and De naturalibus, c . 6 . their writings to the relation of soul to body naturally adopted the teaching of Galen which they accommodated to their See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, thereby conferring on it an importance which rendered correction difficult .

See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian 7 in a sense expresses his belief in a theory of localization as also at a later See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period does Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas.2 Early in the 13th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century Albertus Magnus3 gave a detailed description of the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of mental and psychical faculties in the head . The anterior region he assigned to judgment, the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle to See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, and the posterior to memory . A some-what similar allocation was made by See also:

• GORDON
• GORDON, ADAM LINDSAY (1833—1870)
• GORDON, ALEXANDER (c. 1692—c. 1754)
• GORDON, CHARLES GEORGE (1833-'885)
• GORDON, LEON
• GORDON, LORD GEORGE (1751-1793)
• GORDON, PATRICK (1635–1699)
• GORDON, SIR JOHN WATSON (1788—1864)

Gordon, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine in See also:

• MONTPELLIER

Montpellier (1296),' who assigned See also:

• COMMON

common sensation and the reception of impressions to the anterior cornua of the lateral ventricles, phantasia to the posterior, this power being two-See also:

• FOLD

fold (imaginativa and cogitativa), judgment or aestimativa to the third ventricle, and memory to the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth.5 Figures of a similar See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division were given by Petrus Montagnana 6 and Lodovico Dolce7 still later by Ghiradelli of Bologna3 and by See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore Gall of See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp .9 That the " vital spirits " resided in the ventricles was doubted by many, and denied by a few of the anatomists of the 17th century . G . See also:

• BAUHIN, GASPARD (156o-1624)

Bauhin in 162110 attacked the old view, and See also:

• HOFFMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1798–1874)
• HOFFMANN, ERNST THEODOR WILHELM (1776-1822)
• HOFFMANN, JOHANN JOSEPH (1805-1878)

Hoffmann of Altorf showed that, as the ventricles were closed cavities, they could not transmit any material fluid . That these spirits existed at all was doubted by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• BENEDICTUS

Benedictus," Plater,12 and a few others; but they were believed in by the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of 17th and even of 18th century medical writers, many of whom conceived that the ventricles were sent per pleni spiritibus animalibus flammulis similibus, See also:

• QUORUM (Lat. for " of whom ")

quorum beneficiis intelligimus, sentimus, et movemus,13 and the opponents of this view were strongly assailed by J . Riolan and others as revolutionary . See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus" ridiculed the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that the convoluted surface can have anything to do with intellect, as the See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass, a proverbially stupid animal, has a convoluted cerebrum . According to his view, the convolutions are for the purpose of lightening the brain and facilitating its movements . The See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey See also:

• MATTER

matter of the surface of the cerebrum was recognized as the true dynamic element by M . See also:

• MALPIGHI, MARCELLO (1628-1694)

Malpighi 15 and T . See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis." 1 De anima, cxiv .

(ed . See also:

• FRANEKER

Franeker, 1597), p . 268 . Summa theologiae, ed . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne, i . 1094, 1106-7 . Prochaska and his translator, Laycock (Mind and Brain, ii . 163), See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge See also:

• DUNS

Duns Scotus with holding this view; probably he did, but he does not express it, as he simply specifies the cerebrum and its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root, the See also:

• SPINAL

spinal See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord, as the source of the nerves along which sensory impulses travel . Comment. de anima, i . 515 (See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden, 1637) . 3 See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera, iii . 124, Vi .

20 (Leiden, 1651) . 4 Lilium medicinae, 1o1 (Venice, 1494) . 5 Avicenna's fifth region is interposed between imaginativa and aestimativa (De naturalibus, c. vi.) . Thomas Aquinas combines the last two, which he says are possessed by the same See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, he says of ratio particularis, " See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

medici assignant determinatum organum, scilicet mediam partem capitis " (i . 1106) . 6 Physiognomia (Padua, 1491) . 7 Dialogo nel quale si ragione del modo di accrescere e conservar la memoria, 27 (Venice, 1562) . 8 Physiognomia, 167o . 9 Tabulae element. scientiae (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1632) . to Theatr. anat . (Basel, 1621, iii .

314); Caspar Hoffmann, De usu cerebri (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1619) . See also Spigelius, De corp. humani fabrica, 296 (See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam, 1645); Varolius (2591), p . 6; Wepfer, Historiarum apeplecticarum potissimum anatomise subjectorum auctarium (Amster- See also:

• DAM

dam, 1681) . See also many of the anatomical See also:

• WORKS

works of this age, such as those of See also:

• FERNEL, JEAN FRANCOIS (1497-1558)

Fernel, Cabrol, Argenterius, Rolfinck, &c . " Alexander Benedictus, Anatomica, vol. iii . (Basel, 1527) . Quercetanus is said by Laycock (following Prochaska )to have assailed this doctrine of spirits; on what ground is not apparent, as he certainly expresses himself as a believer in the old view; see Tetras graviss. totius capitis affect. x . 89 (See also:

• MARBURG
• MARBURG, COLLOQUY OF (Marburger Religionsgesprach)

Marburg, 16o6) . Possibly Prochaska may allude to an obscure passage in the work of the other Quercetanus (Eustachius), Acroamaton in librum Hippocratis, p . 14 (Basel, 1549), not to the better-known See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus Armeniacus; but he gives no reference . 12 Opera, col . 22, 89 (Basel, 1625) .

13 Joelis opera medica, 22 (Amsterdam, 1663) . 11 De re anatomica, p . 350 (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1593) . '3" Epist. de cerebro et See also:

• CORT, CORNELIS (1536-1578)

cort. cereb. ad Fracassatum," in Opp., vol. ii . (See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, 1685) . 16 De anima brutorum, p . 71 (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1677), " hae particulae subtilissimae, spiritus animales dictae, partium istarum substantias corticales primo subeuntes, exinde in utriusque meditullia," &c.; also p . 76 seq . The latter regarded the convoluted surface of the cerebrum as the seat of the memory and the will, the convolutions being intended to retain the animal spirits for the various acts of imagination and memory . Imagination he described as seated in the corpus callosum, sense-perception in the corpus striatum, and impetus et perturbatio in the basal parts of the cerebrum above the crura . The thalami he regarded as the centres of sight and the cerebellum of involuntary acts . Succeeding anatomists simply varied these localizations according to their respective fancies .

G . M . Lancisi placed sense-perception in the corpus callosum, R . Vieussens in the centrum ovale majus . R . See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes supposed the soul to be seated in the pineal gland, others in the brain-commissures especially the pons Varolii.17 See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer considered abstract ideas to arise in the cerebellum, and memory to have its seat at the roots of the nerves." Of later writers three deserve See also:

• SPECIAL

special notice, as having largely prepared the way for the more See also:

• MODERN

modern school of phreno?ogy . J . A . Unzer, of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, in his work on See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology extended the pre-existing theories of localization . Metzger,19 twenty years before the publication of Prochaska's work, had proposed to make a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of observations on the anatomical characters of the brains of persons of marked intellectual peculiarity; but apparently he did not carry this into effect . In a more special manner Prochaska of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna may be looked upon as the See also:

• FATHER

father of See also:

• PHRENOLOGY, (from Gr. OOP, mind, and Xbyos, discourse)

phrenology, as in his work on the See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous system, published in Vienna in 1784, are to be found the germs of the later views which were propounded in that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city twelve years later 20 The system formulated by Gall (q.v.) is thus a modern expansion of an old empirical philosophy, and its immediate parentage is easily traced, although, according to Gall's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, it was with him the result of independent observations . These, he tells us, he began to make at an early age, by learning to correlate the outward appearances and mental qualities of his school-See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows .

Gall's first published See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper was a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in the Deutsche ?. Merkur of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1798, but his See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal expositions were oral, and attracted much popular See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, which increased when, in 1802, he was commanded by the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, at the instance of the ecclesiastical authorities, to discontinue his public lectures . In 1804 he obtained the co-operation of Spurzheim (1776-1832), a native of Longwich, near Treves, who became his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil in 1800, and proved a powerful ally in promulgating the system . See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

Master and pupil at first taught in See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony, but they found it advisable to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate in 1813; and we find Spurzheim, several years after their parting, declaring that Gall had not introduced any improvements into his system since their separation (notes to Chenevix, p . 99) . " My philosophical views," he also says, " widely differ from those of Gall." In Paris, where he settled in 1807, Gall made many influential converts to his system . F . J . V . See also:

• BROUSSAIS, FRANCOIS JOSEPH VICTOR (1772-1838)

Broussais, H . M . D. de See also:

• BLAINVILLE
• BLAINVILLE, HENRI MARIE DUCROTAY DE (1777–1850)

Blainville, H .

See also:

• CLOQUET

Cloquet, G . Andral, E . See also:

• GEOFFROY
• GEOFFROY, ETIENNE FRANCOIS (1672-1731)
• GEOFFROY, JULIEN LOUIS (1743-1814)

Geoffroy St-Hilaire, Vimont and others adopted it and countenanced its progress . Gall visited Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, but the See also:

• DIFFUSION (from the Lat. diffundere; dis-, asunder, and fundere, to pour out)

diffusion of phrenology here was chiefly due to Spurzheim, who lectured through the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and through See also:

• AMERICA

America, and with the aid of his pupil, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George Combe, attracted a large popular following . His most influential disciples were J . See also:

• ELLIOTSON, JOHN (1791-1868)

Elliotson, See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew Combe, See also:

• SIR

Sir G . S . See also:

• MACKENZIE
• MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER (1822-1892)
• MACKENZIE, HENRY (1745-1831)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER (c. 1755-1820)
• MACKENZIE, SIR ALEXANDER CAMPBELL (1847— )
• MACKENZIE, SIR GEORGE (1636-1691)
• MACKENZIE, SIR MORELL (1837-1892)
• MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON (1795-1861)

Mackenzie, R . Macnish, T . Laycock and See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop R . See also:

• WHATELY, RICHARD (1787-1863)

Whately, and in America Caldwell and J . Godman .

On the opposite See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side many influential men took up a strongly antagonistic position, prominent among whom were J . See also:

• BARCLAY, ALEXANDER (c. 1476-1552)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1582-1621)
• BARCLAY, JOHN (1734-1798)
• BARCLAY, R
• BARCLAY, ROBERT (1648-1690)
• BARCLAY, WILLIAM (1546–1608)

Barclay the anatomist, P . M . Roget, Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell, Sir.W . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, F . See also:

• JEFFREY, FRANCIS JEFFREY

Jeffrey, H . P . See also:

• BROUGHAM
• BROUGHAM, JOHN (1814-188o)

Brougham, T . See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown and Sir B . See also:

• BRODIE, PETER BELLINGER (1815–1897)
• BRODIE, SIR BENJAMIN COLLINS

Brodie . The nature of the system rendered it eminently fitted to catch public attention, and it rapidly attained to so great a 17 . See also:

• FECHNER, GUSTAV THEODOR (1801-1887)

Fechner, Elemente der Psychophysik, ii .

396 . 18 Some of the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval views were very fanciful, thus Shabbethai b . See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, the earliest Jewish writer on medicine (d . A.D . 959), thought that the spirit of life has its seat in the brain-membrane, See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded over the brain and subarachnoid fluid, as the See also:

• SHEKINAH

Shekinah in the heavens arched over the earth and See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . See Der Mensch als Gottes Ebenbild, ed . See also:

• JELLINEK, ADOLF (1821–1893)

Jellinek (Leipzig, 1854), and See also:

• CASTELLI, IGNAZ FRANZ (1781—1862)

Castelli, Commento (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 188o) . 19 Vermischte medicinische Schriften (1764), 1 . 58 . 2° See Laycock's trans.. in Sydenh . Society's Pub . (1851) .

degree of popularity that in 1832 there were twenty-nine phrenological See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies in Great Britain, and several See also:

• JOURNALS

journals devoted to phrenology in Britain and America; of these the Phrenological See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, a quarterly, edited chiefly by George Combe with aid from others of the See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh confraternity, notably Sir George Mackenzie and Macnish, " the modern Pythagorean," lived from 1823 to 1847, through twenty volumes . The controversy in many places was heated and often See also:

• PERSONAL

personal, and thislargely increased the popular See also:

• INTEREST

interest . In the Edinburgh See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review the theory was severely criticized by Thomas Brown, and afterwards in a still more trenchant manner by Jeffrey . In See also:

• BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-1834)

Blackwood it was ridiculed by Professor See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson . Being a subject which See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent itself easily to See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque, it was parodied cleverly in a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• RHYME

rhyme by two authors, " The Craniad," 87 pages long, published in 1817, while, on the other hand, See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse was pressed into its service in the rhyme " Phrenology in Edinburgh " in 1824.1 The•best See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the system was that by Chenevix in the third number of the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Quarterly, afterwards reprinted with notes by Spurzheim . The Faculties and their Localities.—The system of Gall was constructed by a method of pure See also:

• EMPIRICISM (from Gr. Eµrretpor, skilled in, from sreipa, experiment)

empiricism, and his so-called organs were for the most part identified on slender grounds . Having selected the place of a faculty, he examined the heads of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and casts of persons with that peculiarity in common, and in them he sought for the distinctive feature of their characteristic trait . Some of his earlier studies were made among See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low associates, in gaols and in lunatic asylums, and some of the qualities located by him were such as tend to become perverted to See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime . These he named after their excessive manifestations, mapping out organs of See also:

• MURDER

murder, See also:

• THEFT

theft, &c.; but as this See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast some discredit on the system the names were changed by Spurzheim, who claimed as his the moral and religious considerations associated with it . Gall marked out on his See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of the head the places of twenty-six organs as See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round enclosures with vacant interspaces . Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole See also:

• SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp into oblong and conterminous patches (see the accompanying figures) . Other methods of division and other names have been suggested by succeeding authors, especially by See also:

• COX, DAVID (1783-1859)
• COX, JACOB DOLSON (1828-1900)
• COX, KENYON (1856– )
• COX, RICHARD (I3oo ?–1581)
• COX, SAMUEL (1826–1893)
• COX, SAMUEL HANSON (1793-1880)
• COX, SIR GEORGE WILLIAM (1827-1902)

Cox, See also:

• SIDNEY
• SIDNEY (or SYDNEY), ALGERNON (1622-1683)
• SIDNEY, SIR HENRY (1529-1586)
• SIDNEY, SIR PHILIP (1554-1586)

Sidney See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith (not See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney), Toulmin Smith, K .

G . See also:

• CARUS, KARL GUSTAV (1789–1869)
• CARUS, MARCUS AURELIUS

Carus of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Mariano Cubi i See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

Solar, W . B . See also:

• POWELL, FREDERICK YORK (1850-1904)
• POWELL, GEORGE (c. 1658-1714)
• POWELL, JOHN WESLEY (1834–1902)
• POWELL, VAVASOR (1617-1670)

Powell of See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky, J . R . See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan of See also:

• CINCINNATI

Cincinnati, Hittel of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York . Some, like the See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, raise the number of organs to See also:

• FORTY

forty-three; but the system of Spurzheim and Combe is that which has always been most popular in Britain . Spurzheim separated the component faculties of the human mind into two great See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and subdivided these as follows: I . Feelings, divided into 1 . Propensities, See also:

• INTERNAL

internal impulses inviting only to certain actions . 2 . Sentiments, impulses which prompt to emotion as well as to action .

A . See also:

• LOWER

Lower—those common to man and the lower animals . B . Higher—those proper to man . II . Intellectual faculties . 1 . Perceptive faculties . 2 . Reflective faculties . In the following See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list the locality and the circumstances of the first recognition of the organ are appended to the names, which are mostly the inventions of Spurzheim . Gall's names are placed in brackets ?

Propensities . r . Amativeness (See also:

• INSTINCT

Instinct de la See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation), median, below the inion; first determined by Gall from its heat in an hysterical widow, supposed to be confirmed by many observations, and referred to the cerebellum.' ' Other burlesque and satirical writings were published at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, notably The Phrenologists, a See also:

• FARCE

farce by See also:

• WADE (or WAAD), SIR WILLIAM (1546-1623)
• WADE, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN (1800-1878)
• WADE, GEORGE (1673-1748)
• WADE, SIR THOMAS FRANCIS (1818-1895)
• WADE, THOMAS (18o5-1875)

Wade (183o) ; The Head-piece, or Phrenology opposed to Divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation, by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James the Less; and A See also:

• HELMET (from an obsolete diminutive of O. Fr. helme, mod. heaume; the English word is " helm," as in O. Eng., Dutch and Ger.; all are from the Teutonic base hal-, pre-Teut. kal-, to cover; cf. Lat. celare, to hide, Eng. " hell," &c.)

Helmet for the Headpiece, or Phrenology incompatible with See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

Reason, by Daniel the Seer . 3 For topographical purposes See also:

• BROCA, PAUL (1824-188o)

Broca's names are adopted as the most convenient for localities on the head . ' See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius Rhodius speaking of the love of See also:

• MEDEA (Gr. Mi/Seta)

Medea for See also:

• JASON ('Iaacov)

Jason (Argonautica, 760-765) says, ISLLKps b' O0r' 6 OaXrpv Pies • 1vSOBL 5' cast rsip' M e',7 o'iAxovera &ch xpods, dt.4¢i dpaZac Zvoc Kai KettaMis, See also:

• BIRD

bird, vetarov ivto, AXpLs, . . . 2 . Philoprogenitiveness (Amour de la progeniture), median, on the squama occipitis, and selected as the organ for the love of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children because this part of the skull is usually more prominent in apes and in See also:

• WOMEN

women, in whom the love of children is supposed to be stronger than in men . 3 . Concentrativeness, below the obelion and over the lambda . This is a region of uncertain function, unnoticed by Gall, but de-scribed as Inhabitiveness by Spurzheim, because he found it large in See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and in a clergyman fond of his See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . It has since been considered by Combe to be the seat of the power of concentration, whereof he believed Inhabitiveness to be a special See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case .

4 . Adhesiveness (Amitie), over the lateral See also:

• AREA

area of the lambdoidal suture . This region was prominent in a See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady introduced to Gall as a model of friendship, and is said by him to be the region where persons who are closely attached put their heads together . 5 . Combativeness (Instinct de la defense), above the asterion; it was found by Gall by examining the heads of the most quarrelsome of his low companions whom he had beforehand stimulated by See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol . It was verified by comparing this region with the same part of the head of a quarrelsome See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young lady . 1r/ /3 { 1 \34' f5 6 . Destructiveness (Instinct carnassier), above the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear meatus . This is the widest part of the skulls of carnivorous animals, and was found large in the head of a student so fond of torturing animals that he became a surgeon, also large in the head of an See also:

• APOTHECARY (from the Lat. apothecarius, a keeper of an apotheca, Gr. aroth is , a store)

apothecary who became an executioner . 6a . Alimentiveness, over the temporal muscle and above the ear . Hoppe describes it as being large in a gourmand acquaintance, and he therefore supposes it to be the origin of selecting See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food .

7 . Secretiveness (Ruse, Finesse), the posterior part of the squamous suture . 8 . Acquisitiveness (Sentiment de la propriete), on the upper edge of the front See also:

• HALF

half of the squamous suture . This part of the head Gall noticed to be prominent in the pickpockets of his acquaintance . 9 . Constructiveness (See also:

• SENS

Sens de mechanique), on the stephanion; detected by its prominence on the heads of persons of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius . It was found large on the head of a See also:

• MILLINER

milliner of uncommon See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and on a skull reputed to be that of See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael . The organ of Vitativeness, or love of life, is supposed by Combe to be seated at the See also:

• BASE

base of the skull . To this locality Herophilus referred most of the intellectual powers . Lower Sentiments . to .

Self-esteem (Orgueil, fierte), at and immediately over the obelion; found by Gall in a See also:

• BEGGAR

beggar who excused his poverty on acccunt of his See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride . This was confirmed by the observation that proud persons held their heads backwards in the See also:

• LINE

line of the organ . 11 . Love of Approbation (Vanite), outside the obelion; the region in which Gall saw a protuberance on the head of a lunatic who fancied herself See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . 12 . Cautiousness (Circonspeclion), on the parietal eminence; placed here because an ecclesiastic of hesitating disposition and a vacillating councillor of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had both large parietal eminences . See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior Sentiments, 13 . Benevolence (Barite), on the middle of the frontal See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone in front of the coronal suture; here Gall noticed a rising on the head of the highly commended servant of a friend, as well as on a benevolent schoolmate who nursed his brothers and sisters when they were See also:

• ILL

ill . To this spot See also:

• XENOCRATES

Xenocrates referred the intellectual powers . 14 . Veneration (Sentiment religieux), median at the bregma . Gall noted when visiting churches that those who prayed with the greatest fervour were prominent in this region, and it was also prominent in a pious See also:

• BROTHER

brother .

15 . Conscientiousness, Believingness (Forster) unknown to Gall; recognized by Spurzheim usually from its deficiency, and placed between the last and the parietal eminence . 16 . Firmness (Fermete), median, on the sagittal suture from behind the bregma to the front of the obelion . See also:

• LAVATER, JOHANN KASPAR (1741—1801)

Lavater first pointed out that persons of determination had lofty heads . 17 . See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, not regarded as See also:

• PRIMARY

primary by Gall, who believed hope to be akin to See also:

• DESIRE

desire and a function of every faculty which desires and See also:

• LEFT

left this territory unallocated . i8 . Wonder, said to be large in See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision-seers and many psychic researchers . A second similar organ placed between this and the next is called Mysterizingness by Forster, and is said to be the seat of belief in ghosts and in the supernatural . 19 . Ideality (Basis), noted by Gall from its prominence in the busts of poets; said to be the part touched by the hand when composing See also:

• POETRY

poetry .

2o . Wit (Esprit caustique), the frontal eminence, the organ of the sense of the ludicrous, prominent in F . See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais and J . See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

Swift . 21 . See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

Imitation (Faculte d'imiter), disposition to See also:

• MIMICRY

mimicry, placed between Benevolence and Wonder . Perceptive Faculties . 22 . Individuality, over the frontal sinus in the middle line; the capacity of recognizing See also:

• EXTERNAL

external See also:

• OBJECTS

objects and forming ideas therefrom; said to have been large in See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo, and small in the Scots . 23 . See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

Form (Memoire See also:

• DES

des personnes), capacity of recognizing faces; gives a wide See also:

• INTERVAL

interval between the eyes; found by Gall in a squinting girl with a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good memory for faces . 24 .

Size, over the trochlea at the orbital edge; described by Spurzheim and Vimont as the capacity of estimating space and distance . 25 . See also:

• WEIGHT

Weight, outside the last on the orbital edge and, like it, over the frontal sinus . The prominence of See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge here is due to large sinus or a projecting bone . Certain old writers, such as Strato Physicus, located the whole intellect in this ridge . 26 . See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

Colour, also on the orbital edge external to the last . 27 . Locality (Sens de localiti), placed above Individuality on each side, and corresponding to the upper part of the frontal sinus and to the region immediately above it . 28 . Number, on the external angular See also:

• PROCESS

process of the frontal bone, large in a calculating boy in Vienna . 29 .

See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order, internal to the last, first noted by Spurzheim in an orderly idiot . 3o . Eventuality (Memoire des choses), the median See also:

• PROJECTION

projection above the glabella, supposed to be the scat of the memory of events . 31 . Time, below the frontal eminence and a little in front of the temporal See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest . 32 . Tune (Sens des rapports des tons), on the foremost part of the temporal muscle, where Gall noticed a bulge on the head of a musical See also:

• PRODIGY

prodigy of five . 33 . See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

Language (Sens des mots), behind the See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . This was the first organ noticed by Gall, as a See also:

• CLEVER

clever schoolfellow, See also:

• QUICK

quick at See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, had prominent eyes . Old authors had noted the connexion between prominent eyeballs and mental development; thus Gazzali and Syenensis Medicus Cyprius place the intellect and soul behind the eyeballs . Reflective Faculties .

34 . Comparison (Sagacite See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative), median, at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the See also:

• BARE

bare region of the forehead, where a savant friend of Gall's, fond of analogies, had a prominent See also:

• BOSS

boss . 35 . Causality (Esprit See also:

• META

meta physique), the eminence on each side of Comparison, noticed on the head of See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte and on a bust of See also:

• KANT, IMMANUEL (1724-1804)

Kant; the seat of the faculty of correlating causes and effects . The first See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification of each organ was made by an See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction from very limited data, but the founders and exponents of the system have collected all available instances wherein enlargements of each of these regions coexisted with increased powers of the faculty supposed to reside therein, and in some cases they have discovered coincidences of a surprising nature . When, however, such do not exist, a convenient excuse is found by reference to the indefinite See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of temperament, or by a supposed explanation of the faculty in question as not See also:

• SIMPLE

simple but produced by the co-operation of other influences . Thus, as See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

Sheridan's bump of wit was small, he is said not to have been truly witty; but to have had comparison and memory strongly developed . The girl Labrosse (described in Ferussac's Bulletin for See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1831), who exhibited strong amativeness but had a rudimentary cerebellum, is said to have obliteratedit by over-use . Thurtell, a See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold-blooded murderer, whose organ of benevolence was large, is said to have been generous, as he once gave half-a-See also:

• GUINEA

guinea to a friend, &c . The method whereby the sizes of organs are estimated is arbitrary and the boundaries of the regions indefinite . The attempts of See also:

• NICOL, JAMES (1810-1879)
• NICOL, WILLIAM

Nicol, Straton and See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight to devise mechanical and accurate modes of measurement have not been very successful and have not found favour with the professional phrenologist . Anatomical Aspect of Phrenology.—The phrenological controversy served the useful purpose of stimulating See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research into the See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy of the brain; but we owe very little of solid progress to the See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates of the system .

Gall is the only writer of his creed in whose works See also:

• ORIGINAL

original observations of value are to be found, and Dr B . Hollander has cited many interesting and care-fully recorded anatomical and clinical facts in his writings . Although the study of the surface of the cerebrum is of the essence of phrenology, yet nowhere in the circle of phrenological literature are the convolutions of the brain accurately described; our knowledge of their order and disposition comes from the morphologist, not from the phrenologist . The first real step towards their systematic description was made by L . Rolando,' who in 183o described the fissure to which his name is attached, and very little advance was made until the publication in 1856 of L . P . Gratiolet's2 and Huschke's3 See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs . These works for the first time placed the description of the surface of the brain, imperfectly attempted by L . A . See also:

• DESMOULINS, LUCIE SIMPLICE CAMILLE BENOIST (1760-1794)

Desmoulins in 1825,-' on a satis- factory basis . A description of the anatomy of the brain is given under the heading BRAIN, so it is necessary here only to refer to points not included in that account . 1 .

Any psychological theory which correlates brain-action and mental phenomena requires a correspondence between brain-size and mental power; and, speaking. generally, the brains of those whose capacities are above the See also:

• AVERAGE

average are larger than those of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general run of their See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-men . 2 . See also:

• DIRECT

Direct measurements of the relative developments of different portions of brains are difficult and troublesome to make; but their importance to phrenologists is so great that it is remarkable that no attempts to obtain any such were made by them . The series given by R . See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner of the relative sizes of the cerebral lobes of four brains is almost the only See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of importance in this direction, and is appended . - - N ,vp Q - A Ile ~I F o 8 ~f Brainof 3 3 S s -- Iro g.2' o ° $ c c o '°'' o u 1' p5 o. o'0 oa v}Qi A (J , so II o ay > o,2 o f way o0 ~' as See also:

• FUCHS, JOHANN NEPOMUK VON (1774-1856)
• FUCHS, LEONHARD (15o1-1566)

Fuchs, clinical 1434 69'5 59 67'5 '419 '203 '340 110'7 231'3 342 1499 teacher . . See also:

• GAUSS, KARL FRIEDRICH (1777-1855)

Gauss,mathe- 139 70'6 59'4 68'4 '407 '207 '374 1,2'8 228'2 341 1492 matician . . Workman . 113'2 62'3 50'3 62 '385 '214 '385 97 4 1936 291 1273 Woman . 130 65 51 66'8 '409 '204 '370 x07'5 209.9 317'4 1185 From this it appears that the woman exceeded Gauss in perceptive and reflective organs, exceeded Fuchs in sentiment, and See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell below the workman in propensities . It must be said, however, that the phrenological divisions do not accurately coincide with the anatomical . It would furnish important physiological data if the brains of men distinguished for special qualities were examined in this or some comparable way .

3 . It is important in relation to phrenology to ascertain the constancy of the convolutions . Many varieties in the detail of the surface-patterns have been recorded by Tenchini, Poggi, Giacomini, N . Rudinger, See also:

• CUNNINGHAM, ALEXANDER (c.1655-173o)
• CUNNINGHAM, ALLAN (1784-1842)
• CUNNINGHAM, WILLIAM (1805-1861)

Cunningham and Sernow,3 but the general See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is fairly See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform . A still more important question has been recently raised by J . N . See also:

• LANGLEY, SAMUEL PIERPONT (1834-1906)

Langley, viz. how far identical spots on ' Della Struttura degli emisferi cerebrali (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1830) . 2 Memoire sur See also:

• LES

les plis cerebraux de l'homme et des See also:

• PRIMATES
• PRIMATES (Lat. primas, first)

primates (Paris, 1856) . 3 Schddel, Hirn, and Seele (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1856) . ' Magendie and Desmoulins, Anat. du syst. nerveux (Paris, 1825) . 6 Rivista sperimentale di freniatria (1883), ii . 193; ibid. iv .

403; Archiv See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Anthropologie (1879), xi . 289 . 538 identical convolutions in different brains consist of See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve-cells with precisely the same connexions . The convoluted arrangement results from growth of brain-surface under constraint, hence as the different tracts of surface undergo proportional overgrowth they may fold along different lines . The occurrence of small See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the See also:

• RATE

rate of overgrowth, testified to by the varieties of the resulting See also:

• PATTERN

pattern, can hardly fail to cause considerable alteration in the place of definite territories of grey cells . Some method for the determination of the limits of these shiftings of place is required before comparisons can be of value as phrenological data . 4 . The comparison of the rate of growth of brain with the development of mental faculties is important not only to the phrenologist but to the psychologist . No observations on this point were made by phrenological writers, who only refer to the first and rather crude observations of the earlier anatomists . We have, however, recently learned from the researches of T . L . W. von Bischoff, Tuczec, Cunningham, and S .

Exner' many particulars as to the rate and progress of brain-growth . At See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth the brain weighs one-tenth of the weight of the body, and averages about II oz . For the first See also:

• YEAR

year brain-growth and consequently expansion of the skull proceed with great rapidity, the growth during a large part of this period averaging one cubic centimetre daily . This enormous increase is chiefly due to the rapid development of medullated nerve-See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres, which are deficient in the foetal brain . During the second and third years growth takes place more slowly, the occipital and parietal lobes increasing more than the frontal or temporo-sphenoidal . During these and the four succeeding years the base elongates commensurately with the increasing See also:

• DEPTH

depth of the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face . In the See also:

• SIXTH

sixth and seventh years the frontal lobes grow faster than the parietals, and at seven the average brain has attained the weight of 1340 grammes, being the weight of the body as I: 20 . In the period between seven years and See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty growth is slight, but at puberty the whole brain grows actively, especially the frontal lobes . This activity lasts until about eighteen years of age, then diminishes; but the average brain does not reach its maximum size until about See also:

• THIRTY

thirty, from a little after which period the brain tends to diminish towards senility' 5 . The estimation of the relative development of grey and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white matter in the several lobes is important to any theory of cerebral See also:

• DYNAMICS
• DYNAMICS (from Gr. bbvayts, strength)

dynamics which allocates functions specifically diverse to each separate part of the brain-surface; but no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt has been made by the phrenologist to obtain precise results in this direction, nor even to determine the See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical constants of the two forms of brain-matter . The recently introduced method of Bourgoin and B . Danilewski, based upon the differing specific gravities of grey and white matter, promises to give definite See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the relative amounts of these forms of brain-matter; but further experiments are needed to perfect the method.' 6 .

The relations, if any, between the alterations which take place in the shape and position of the head and alterations in brain-surface have been speculated on by the phrenologist . Broussais is reported to have said that his organ of causality had enlarged with increasing use, and a list of cases of similar alterations of head-shape is given by Deville (Phren . Journ. xiv . 32), most of which are simply age-changes, of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind described by Professor J . See also:

• CLELAND, WILLIAM (1661?-1689)

Cleland (Phil . Trans., 1870) . There are no exact measurements recorded which indicate the occurrence of topical increases of a normal brain in special directions coincident with the cultivation of definite faculties . All the so-called cases are given vaguely, with no measurements, and the careful measurements of George Combe in such cases as were available to him showed no appreciable alterations in adult heads even at long intervals of time (see also Andrew Combe, Phren . Journ. x . 414) . 7 . The phrenological want of knowledge of the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography of the brain-surface was necessarily correlated with See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the exact relations of the convolutions to the interior of the See also:

• CRANIAL

cranial bones; these have been carefully worked out by E .

Huschke, Heftier, W . A . See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, Cunningham and See also:

• REID, ROBERT (1862– )
• REID, SIR GEORGE (1841- )
• REID, SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE (184o-19o8)
• REID, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1858)
• REID, THOMAS (1710-1796)
• REID, THOMAS MAYNE (1818-1883)
• REID, WHITELAW (1837- )

Reid . Some See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude, however, must be allowed in topography, as the exact relation of convolution of skull varies with the shape of the skull . Giacomini showed that the fissure of Rolando is perceptibly farther back from the coronal suture in See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic than in See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic skulls, and it is still farther back in the extreme See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-shaped form of long-headedness . Passet shows that there is a slight topographical difference in the two sexes (See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

Arch. f . Anthrop., 1882, xiv . 89), and in the heads of those with a symmetrically-shaped skull there is often a want of lateral symmetry of convolution . Artificial deformations likewise alter the topographical relations of convolutions, and have served not a little to See also:

• PUZZLE

puzzle the phrenologist . Thus, the artificial dolichocephaly of the Caribs having bulged the squama occipitis, they decided that these See also:

• PEOPLE

people must be amiable lovers of children,' &c . 8 . The existence of structural differences between different areas of cerebral surface is important to any theory of cerebral localization, but no phrenologist has given us any original information on this point .

Since the investigation of J . G . F . Baillarger' and Bevan-See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis it has been shown that some See also:

• LOCAL

local differentiations of structure do really exist . Thus in the convolutions around the fissure of Rolando the ganglion-cells of the fourth layer are of large size (See also:

• GIANT (O.E. geant, through Fr. giant, O.Fr. gaiant, jaiant, jeant, med. pop. Lat. gagante—cf. Ital. gigante—by assimilation from gigantem, ace. of Lat. gigas, Gr. yiyas)

giant-cells of Betz), and in the convolutions of the temporo-sphenoidal See also:

• LOBE

lobe a layer of small angular cells (granule-cells) is interposed between the larger pyramidal and the ganglion-cells, so that, while in the parts of the brain above the fissure of Sylvius the See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

gray cortex is for the most part five-layered, below and behind that fissure it is six-layered . There is no abrupt passage from the one to the other, the only sudden transition of structure of the grey cortex being at the hippocampal sulcus; and giant-cells, although of smaller size, and less like those of the anterior See also:

• CORNU, MARIE

cornu of the spinal cord, are scattered over other parts of the cerebral grey matter.' Other local See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations in structure have been described by Elliot Smith and other histologists . The teaching of anatomy with regard to phrenology may be summarized thus: (I) the rate of growth of brain is concurrent with the rate of development of mental faculty; (2) there is some degree of structural differentiation as there are varying rates of development of different parts of the cerebral surface; (3) there is no accordance between the regions of Gall and Spurzheim and definite areas of cerebral surface . Physiological Aspect.—The theory of some of the older meta-physicians, that the mind, in feeling and reflection, makes use of no material See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument is not now accepted by psychologists . It was advanced by Brougham and Jeffrey as against the theory of phrenology; but the doctrine that the brain is the organ of the mind is now universally received . While it is probable that certain molecular changes in the grey matter are antecedents or concomitants of mental phenomena, the precise nature of these processes, to what extent they take place, or how they vary among themselves have not as yet been determined experimentally; the occurrence of the See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change can only be demonstrated by some such coarse method as the altered pulsation of the See also:

• CAROTID

carotid arteries,' the increase of the temperature of the head,' the See also:

• ABSTRACTION (Lat. abs and trahere)

abstraction, during brain-action, of See also:

• BLOOD

blood from other organs as shown by the plethysmograph, or the formation of lecithin and other products of See also:

• METABOLISM (from Gr. ,uera(3oXh, change)

metabolism in brain-substance . As yet no See also:

• LIGHT

light has been See also:

• SHED

shed on the connexion between the molecular changes in the nerve-See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell and the phenomena of thought and feeling . While our knowledge of the anatomy of the brain, especially of the grey nuclei and of the white bands uniting them, has in See also:

• RECENT

recent years become much more accurate (see articles BRAIN and MUSCLE AND NERVE), our knowledge of the physiology of the nerve centres is still indefinite and fragmentary, even when the utmost See also:

• ALLOWANCE (from "allow,' derived through 0. Fr. alouer from the two Lat. origins adlaudare, to praise, and allocare, to assign a place; so that the English word combined the general idea of "assigning with approval")

allowance is made for the experimental work of C .

S . Sherrington, A.S.F . Griinbaum, F . See also:

• GOLTZ, BOGUMIL (18o1-1870)
• GOLTZ, COLMAR, FREIHERR VON DER (1843- )

Goltz and others; and the hypotheses See also:

• RELATING

relating to the division of labour in the nerve-centres is chiefly based on anatomical structure . Certain masses of grey nerve-matter situated in the spinal cord and medulla oblongata are so linked by nerve-cords to organs outside the nervous system which are set apart for the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of separate functions that they obviously form parts of the mechanism for the fulfilment of such functions . In cases where these can be subjected to experiment we learn that they are nervous centres presiding over the discharge of such functions; and it has been determined by experiment, or else deduced from anatomical structure, that in those lower parts of the nervous centres which are more directly connected with the segmental elements of the body there is a certain localization of function; hence the centres of pelvic actions, of respiration, cardiac action, and See also:

• INHIBITION (from Lat. inhibere, to restrain, prevent)

inhibition of vaso-motor influence, deglutition, secretions, &c., can be mapped out in ascending series . As certain of these centres are See also:

• UNITED

united by bands of fibres to the larger fatten and eat them, an abuse of the organ of philoprogenitiveness; see also Garcilaso de la See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega, Hist. des Incas, i . 12 . ' Mem. de laced. de medecine (184o), viii . 149 . ' For further particulars of structure, in addition to the authors quoted at i . 878, see Bevan-Lewis and See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, P.R.S., (1878), and Phil .

Trans . (188o and 1882) . ' See See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene Gley, " Sur les conditions physiologiques de la pensee," in Archives de physiologie (1881), p . 742 . ' J . S . Lombard, N . Y . Med . Journal (See also:

• JUNE

June 1867), and Experimental Researches on the Regional Temperature of the Head (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1872) . Neurologisches Centralblatt (1883), p . 457 .

z Weisbach, Med . Jahrbuch. der k . Gesellsch, der Aerzte, xvii . 133 (Vienna, 1869) ; Merkel, Beitrage z. See also:

• POST

post-embryonalen Entwickelung des menschl . Schadel (See also:

• BONN

Bonn, 1882) ; Calori, Mem. de l'accad. di See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna (1871), x . 35 . Cunningham, Cunningham Memoir, Royal Irish See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy . • Centralblatt (188o), No . 14; Beitrage zur Biologie (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart 1882) . ' See also:

• MARTIUS, CARL FRIEDRICH PHILIPP VON (1794—1868)

Martius tells us that the Caribs castrate their own children, and higher-lying grey portions of the nervous centres there is an a priori presumption in favour of the extension of this principle of localization . This has been premised on metaphysical as well as on anatomical grounds . A .

B . See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

Bonnet long ago believed each portion of the brain to have a specifically separate function, and See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert See also:

• SPENCER
• SPENCER, HERBERT (1820-1903)
• SPENCER, JOHN CHARLES SPENCER, 3RD EARL (1782-1845)
• SPENCER, JOHNPOYNTZ SPENCER
• SPENCER, WILLIAM ROBERT (1769-1834)

Spencer has said that " no physiologist can long resist the conviction that different parts of the cerebrum subserve different kinds of mental action . Localization of function is the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of all organization; separateness of See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty is universally accompanied with separateness of structure, and it would be marvellous were an exception to exist in the cerebral hemispheres . Let it be granted that the cerebral hemispheres are the seats of the higher psychical activities; let it be granted that among these higher psychical activities there are distinctions of kind which, though not definite, are yet practically recognizable, and it cannot be denied, without going in direct opposition to established physiological principles, that these more or less distinct kinds of psychical activity must be carried on in more or less distinct parts of the cerebral hemisphere." For a masterly review of the old and the new association and localization theories, see W . See also:

• WUNDT, WILHELM MAX (1832— )

Wundt's Grundziige der physiologischen Psychologie, i . 289 sqq . ; also the same author's Essays, Leipzig (1888), pp . Io9 sqq . There is a large weight of See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence in favour of the existence' of some form of localization of function . So little is known of the physical changes which underlie psychical phenomena, or indeed of the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of the psychical processes themselves, that we cannot as yet See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge as to the nature of the mechanism of these centres . So much of the psychic work of the individual life consists in the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of sensations and the See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of these into motions that there are strong a priori grounds for expecting to find that much of the material of the nerve centres Is occupied with this kind of work, but in the See also:

• PRESENT

present conflict of experimental evidence it is safer to suspend judgment . That these local areas are not centres in the sense of being indispensable parts of their respective motor apparatuses is clear, as the function abolished by See also:

• ABLATION (from Lat. ablatus, carried away)

ablation of a part returns, though tardily, so that whatever superintendence the removed region exercised apparently becomes assumed by another part of the brain.' Experimental physiology and See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology, by suggesting other functions for parts of the brain-surface, are thus directly subversive of many details of the phrenology of Gall and Spurzheim .

Psychological Aspect.—The fundamental hypothesis which underlies phrenology as a system of mental science is that mental phenomena are resolvable into the manifestations of a See also:

• GROUP

group of separate faculties . A faculty is defined as a convenient expression for the particular states into which the mind enters when influenced by particular organs; it is applied to the feelings as well as to the intellect, thus the faculty of benevolence means every mode of benevolence induced by the organ of benevolence " (Combe) . In another work the same author says it is " used to denote a particular power of feeling, thinking, perceiving, connected with a particular part of the brain." The See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption is contained in the See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition that the exercise of a faculty is the physical outcome of the activity of the organ, and in several of the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard works this is illustrated by misleading analogies between these and other organs; thus the organs of benevolence and of firmness are said to be as distinct as the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver and See also:

• PANCREAS (Gr. rag, all; 1cpks, flesh)

pancreas . The mind, according to another author, consists of the sum of all the faculties . In this view the unity of consciousness is some-what difficult to explain, and consequently there is assumed by others a single unifying substratum, and on this the organs are supposed to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act; thus thoughts are defined as " relations of the simple substance, mind, to certain portions of the encephalon " (Welsh, Phren . Journ. i . 206) . Gall himself believed that there was but a single principle which saw, See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, tasted, heard, touched, thought and willed (Fonctions du cerveau, i . 243); and the See also:

• AMERICAN

American exponent of phrenology, Caldwell, says " the mind is as single in its power as it is in its substance; ' For cases, see Rochefontaine, Archives de Physiologie (1883), 28; Bianchi, La Psichiatria, i . 97.it is a quickening and operating principle, essential to all the mental faculties, but does not, by any means, possess them itself " (Elements, p . 16) . It is not easy to understand the sup-posed relation of this hypothetical substratum to the separate faculties acting on it .

It must be both immaterial and unconnected with the brain, as the whole two thousand million cells supposed to exist in the cerebral hemispheres are all parcelled out among the faculties, and none are left for the unifying nous . Each organ is considered as engaged, either independently in bringing forth its own product, or collectively with others in elaborating See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound mental states, and according to their several degrees of development and activity they are considered capable of perceiving, conceiving, recollecting, judging or imagining each its own subject . This mechanical conception of the division of labour in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of the phenomena of mind has the See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of simplicity, but is attended with the difficulty that arises in discriminating the operations of the different organs one from the other . Phrenologists are See also:

• APT

apt to be vague respecting the limits of the several faculties, as about the boundaries of the separate organs . It was pointed out by Jeffrey that the lines of demarcation between benevolence, adhesiveness and philoprogenitiveness were indeterminate, although the organs are not very close, and the same applies to other organs . It is unfortunate for the clearness of the definition that, although historically the faculties were the first phenomena noted, independent of and previous to their localization, yet in the definition the faculties are defined in terms of their localities . The following arguments are adduced in favour of the fundamental separateness of the faculties: (I) See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy—elsewhere in the animal See also:

• ECONOMY

economy division of labour is the See also:

• RULE

rule; (2) the variety of mental endowment observed among children before they are influenced by See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and the inequalities in the mental endowments of individuals; (3) the phenomena of See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity, especially of monomania; (4) the varying periods at which individual faculties attain their maximum development; (5) the phenomena of dreams, and the awakening of a limited number of faculties during them; (6) See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain being felt in an organ when it is overtaxed .2 Such faculties are supposed to be primary—(I) as exist in some animals and not in others, (2) as vary in their development in the sexes, (3) as are developed in varying proportions with regard to other faculties, (4) as may act separately from other faculties, (5) as are not necessarily simultaneous with other faculties in action, (6) as are hereditary, and (7) as may be singly diseased . According to the development of their powers mankind may be divided into six classes: (I) those in whom the highest qualities are largely developed and the animal qualities feeble; (2) those with the reversed conditions developed, with large animal and feeble intellectual and moral faculties; (3) those in whom good and evil are in See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, with active animal and strong intellectual faculties and sentiments; (4) those partial geniuses in whom a few qualities are unusually developed, while the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest are at or below the mediocre standard; (5) those men of moderate endowment in whom some faculties are nearly or quite deficient; (6) those with an unvarying standard of undistinguished mediocrity in all their faculties . It is perhaps unfortunate that the word " faculty " has been used in this sense of original power by phrenologists . It would have been better to employ, as Mr See also:

• LEWES
• LEWES, CHARLES LEE (1740–1803)

Lewes suggests, the See also:

• TERM

term Y It is interesting in this connexion to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that in a case published by Professor Hamilton in Brain (See also:

• APRIL

April 1884), where a See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour existed on the occipital lobe, the pain was persistently referred to the fore-head . Many similar cases are to be noticed among the records of localized brain-lesions . Bearing on this point also it is See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth noting, once for all, that in nothing is the purely hypothetical nature of phrenological description better realized than in the accounts of what these authors See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the " natural language of the faculties," —that poets are supposed to See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch ideality when composing, musicians to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press on See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and time, and painters on form and colour, when in the exercise of their arts !

Yet we are gravely taught this in the standard works on the subject . " function " for the native activity of an organ, and to leave " faculty " for the expression of an acquired activity . " Faculty is properly limited to active power, and therefore is abusively applied to the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere passive affections of the mind " (Hamilton, Lectures, i . 177) . An attempt has been recently made by Dr See also:

• BERNARD, CHARLES DE
• BERNARD, CLAUDE (1813-1878)
• BERNARD, JACQUES (1658--1718)
• BERNARD, MOUNTAGUE (1S2o—1882)
• BERNARD, SAINT
• BERNARD, SAINT (Iogo-1153)
• BERNARD, SIMON (1779—1839)
• BERNARD, SIR THOMAS, BART

Bernard Hollander to correlate the doctrines of phrenology with the modern physiological and pathological observations which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon the localization of function . In his works The Mental Functions of the Brain, under the sub-See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title " The Revival of Phrenology " (1901), and in Scientific Phrenology (1902), the author endeavours to bring Gall's clinical and pathological instances into line with more modern observations . He deprecates the craniology of Gall, as far as it deals with mere " bumps," and honours him, with See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, as the See also:

• RECORDER
• RECORDER, FIPPLE FLUTE

recorder of many facts worth saving out of the See also:

• WRECK

wreck of his system; and he endeavours, though with doubtful success, to establish an unbroken connexion between phrenology, in the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek sense, and our present knowledge of cerebral localization . The substance of Hollander's first work is of two kinds . The one kind is a tabulated statement of many See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred cases of different forms of See also:

• MANIA

mania, with injury or disease limited to one portion of the brain; the other kind is a tabulated statement of cases of injury or disease of the brain, followed by perversion, or exaltation, or loss of some definite instinct or faculty of consciousness . He divides the tabulated cases of mania into three groups : (i) See also:

• MELANCHOLIA

Melancholia; (ii) Irascible Insanity, " Mania furiosa "; (iii) Mania with suspicion and delusions of persecution . For these three groups of cases he See also:

• LAYS

lays down the following rules: (i) Melancholia is especially associated with injury or disease of the parietal lobe of the brain, more particularly with injury or disease of the convolutions under-lying the parietal eminences of the skull, i.e. the supramarginal and angular convolutions . (ii) Mania furiosa is especially associated with injury or disease of the central portion of the temporal lobe .

(iii) Mania with suspicion and delusions of persecution is especially associated with injury or disease of the posterior portion of the temporal lobe . The second kind of cases, where injury or disease of the brain, strictly localized to one part or another of its grey matter, was followed by perversion, exaltation or loss of some one instinct, See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit or faculty, includes cases of kleptomania, cases of voracious See also:

• HUNGER

hunger and thirst, cases of sexual desire exalted or lost, and cases of loss of certain special memories, as of words, tunes, See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and the like . These two collections of recorded cases, taken from a vast See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of clinical and pathological literature 'accumulated during the past century, have been arranged by Dr Hollander with great See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry; so as to extend the limits of the study of cerebral localization, and to advance it from the observation of the motor areas and the special sense centres to the observation of the higher acts and states of consciousness . Modern physiology, from its See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective point of view, is engaged over finer and finer issues of microscopic and experimental work; and, from its subjective point of view, is becoming more and more psychological, seeking a higher level of interpretation, and a statement of the departmental life of the brain in terms of ever, increasing complexity . The motor centres, governing the voluntary purposeful movements of the body, are considered to be not simply motor, but " psycho-motor "; the speech-centres are not homogeneous, but are on experimental grounds differentiated into sub-centres for the utterance of words, the recognition of words and the understanding of words; the visual centres are in like manner sub-divided according to the consciousness involved in the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete act of vision . There is See also:

• ROOM

room, therefore, for a " higher phrenology," if it can show clear evidence in favour of the localization, in determinate regions of the brain, of the physical changes accompanying certain states of consciousness . Of the two kinds of cases that Dr Hollander has tabulated, it cannot be said that the cases of mania are convincing . Some of them are altogether beside the See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark; e.g. he quotes two cases of melancholia, after an injury over the left parietal bone, which were cured by an operation limited to the scalp (excision of a painful scar, removal of a small nerve-tumour of the scalp) ; in neither case was anything done to the skull or to the brain, but both patients were cured of their See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy . Again, the See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance of these rules as to the localization of these insane thoughts involves the localization of sane thoughts in the same areas of the brain, and this in turn involves assumptions that are wholly unwarranted by our present knowledge . Moreover, cases of mania are so common that it might be possible to find an equal number of cases to controvert his rules : we want consecutive, not picked cases . If 5000 consecutive fatal cases of these different kinds of mania, with the post mortem record of each case, were tabulated, we should then begin to stand on surer ground . Again, though Dr Hollander seems to argue well, where he says that the facial and other movements, induced by direct See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical stimulation of certain convolutions are such as express the mental states which he attributes to thoseconvolutions, yet this See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument is insecure, partly because Sherrington's recent work, on the motor area of the anthropoid apes, has rendered it necessary to reconsider the present localization of the motor area in man, and partly because the interpretation of facial and See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular movements as representing this or that state of the emotions is always See also:

• PRECARIOUS

precarious .

The second kind of cases, where injury or disease limited to one portion of the brain is followed by perversion, exaltation or loss of some special instinct or habit, is more valuable and more convincing; especially the cases of voracious hunger and thirst, those of true kleptomania, and those of the loss of certain special memories . It is not so easy to believe that the cerebellum is in any primary way associated with sexual desire: its position, its structure and its proved association with the co-ordination of muscular movements seem clearly to indicate that its work is wholly subordinate and complementary to the work of the cerebral hemispheres; and the evidence adduced in favour of its being the " seat " of the sexual impulses hardly amounts to more than a See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability that it may transmit or co-See also:

• ORDINATE

ordinate the performance of the sexual act . See also:

• PRACTICAL

Practical Application.—" See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Schadellehre ist allerdings nicht so sehr Irrthum in der Idee als Charlatanerie in der Ausfuhrung," says one of its most acute critics . Even though no See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault could be found with the physiology and psychology of phrenology, it would not necessarily follow that the theory could be utilized as a practical method of See also:

• READING

reading character; for, although the inner surface of the skull is moulded on the brain, and the outer surface approximates to See also:

• PARALLELISM, PSYCHOPHYSICAL

parallelism thereto, yet the correspondence is sufficiently variable to render conclusions therefrom uncertain . The spongy layer or diploe which separates the two compact tables may vary conspicuously in amount in different parts of the same skull, as in the cases described by Professor See also:

• HUMPHRY, OZIAS (1742-1810)

Humphry (Journ. of Anat. viii . 137) . The frontal sinus, that opprobrium phrenologicum, is a reality, not unfrequently of large size, and may wholly occupy the regions of five organs . The centres of ossification of the frontal and parietal bones, the muscular crests of these and of the occipital bones also, differ in their prominence in different skulls . Premature synostoses of sutures See also:

• MOULD

mould the brain without doing much injury to its parts . In such cases there are compensatory dilatations in other directions modifying sometimes to an extreme degree the relation of brain-surface to skull-surface . The writer has found such displacements in extremely scaphocephalic skulls; the same is true of accidental deformations due to pressure on the infantile skull before it consolidates . Artificial malformations alter the apparent skull shape considerably while they affect the relative development of the parts of the brain cortex but little .

All these and other cogent reasons of a like kind, whose force can be estimated by those accustomed to See also:

• DEAL

deal with the component soft parts of the head, should See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead phrenologists to be careful in predicating relative brain-development from skull-shape . Psychology, physiology and experience alike contribute to discredit the practical working of the system and to show how worthless the so-called diagnoses of character really are . Its application by those who are its votaries is seldom worse than amusing, but it is capable of doing See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive social harm, as in its proposed application to the discrimination or selection of servants and other subordinate officials . It has even been proposed to use it for the purposes of the See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee society and for the selection of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary representatives . The sarcastic See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion which originated with See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of moulding children's heads so as to suppress the evil and See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster the good was actually repeated in good faith by a writer on phrenology, but experience of the effects of malformation leads one to be sceptical as to the feasibility of this mode of producing a social See also:

• UTOPIA

Utopia . See also:

• HIMLY (LOUIS), AUGUSTE (1823–1906)

Himly, Erorterung der Gall'schen Lehre (Halle, i8o6); Thomas I . M . I and their language the original speech of mankind; the Phrygian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings were See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar associates of the gods, and the heroes of the See also:

• LAND

land tried their skill against the gods themselves; we hear of the well-walled cities of See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia and of the riches of its kings . Tradition is completely corroborated by archaeological evidence . In the mountainous region on the upper waters of the Sangarius, between See also:

• KUTAIAH, KUTAYA

Kutaiah Eski Shehr and Afium (Afiom) Kara See also:

• HISSAR

Hissar, there exist numerous monuments of great antiquity, showing a See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of marked individuality, and implying a high degree of See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic skill among the people who produced them . On two of these monuments are engraved the names of " See also:

• MIDAS

Midas the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King " and of the goddess " Kybile the See also:

• MOTHER

Mother." Even the title " king " (avaE)3 appears to have been borrowed by Greek from Phrygian . It is impossible to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix a date for the beginning of the Phrygian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom .

It appears to have arisen on the ruins of an older See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, whose existence is revealed to us only by the few monuments which it has left . These monuments, which are found in See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia, Phrygia, See also:

• CAPPADOCIA

Cappadocia and See also:

• LYCAONIA

Lycaonia, as well as in north and central See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, point to the existence of a homogeneous civilization over those countries; they show a singularly marked style of See also:

• ART

art, and are frequently inscribed with a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar kind of See also:

• HIEROGLYPHICS (Gr. iepos, sacred, and'yXv ni, carving)

hieroglyphics, engraved boustrophedon; and they originated probably from a great Hittite kingdom, whose kings ruled the countries from Lydia to the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . There can be traced in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor an ancient road-system, to which belongs the " royal road " from See also:

• SARDIS

Sardis to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, See also:

• SUSA (anc. Segusio, q.v.)
• SUSA (Biblical, Shushan)
• SUSA (Fr. Sousse)

Susa (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. v . 55) . The royal road followed a route so difficult and circuitous that it is quite unintelligible as the direct path from any centre in See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria or Syria to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west of Asia Minor . It can be understood only by reference to an imperial centre far in the north . The old See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade-route from Cappadocia to See also:

• SINOPE

Sinope, which had passed out of use centuries before the time of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (pp . 540, 546), fixes this centre with precision . It must be far enough west to explain why trade tended to the distant Sinope,' hardly accessible behind lofty and rugged mountains, and not to Amisus by the See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and easy route which was used in the Graeco-See also:

• ROMAN

Roman period . This road-system, then, points distinctly to a centre in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Cappadocia near the Halys . Here must have stood the capital of some great See also:

• EMPIRE

empire connected with its extremities, Sardis or See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus on the west, Sinope on the north, the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, the Cilician See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

Gates on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, by roads so well made as to continue in use for a long time after the centre of power had changed to Assyria, and the old road-system had become circuitous and unsuitable.5 The precise spot on which the city stood is marked by the great ruins of Boghaz Keui, probably the ancient See also:

• PTERIA (mod. Boghaz Keui)

Pteria, of which the wide See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, powerful walls and wonderful See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-sculptures make the site indisputably the most remarkable in Asia Minor . On this site Winckler found in 1907 the records of the Hittite kings who fought against Egypt and Assyria .

The ancient road from Pteria to Sardis crossed the upper Sangarius valley, and its course may be traced by the monuments of this early period . Close to its track, on a lofty See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau which overhangs the Phrygian See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument inscribed with the name of " Midas the King," is a great city, inferior indeed to Pteria in extent, but surrounded by rock-sculptures quite as remarkable as those of the Cappadocian city . The plateau is 2 M. in circumference, and presents on all sides a perpendicular face of rock 5o to 200 ft. in height . This natural defence was crowned by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall partly Cyclopean, partly built of large squared stones.6 This city was evidently the centre of the old Phrygian kingdom Faswcret on the Midas See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb . It is expressly recorded that rvpavvos is a Lydian word . Baa£Xebs resists all attempts to explain it as a purely Greek formation, and the termination assimilates it to certain Phrygian words . 4 Sinope was made a Greek See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony in 751 B.C., but it is said to have existed long before that time . 5 When the Persians conquered Lydia they retained, at least for a time, this route, which they found in existence . 6 The stones have all fallen, but the line where they were fitted on the rocks can be traced by any careful explorer . The small fortress Pishmish Kalessi is a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature of the great city beside it, (See See also:

• PERROT, SIR JOHN (c. 1S27–1592)

Perrot, Explor . Archeol. p . 169 and pl. viii.) Forster, " See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

Sketch of the New Anatomy and Physiology of the Brain," in Pamphleteer (1815, vol. v., pt. ix., No. to, reprinted with additions, 1817); Spurzheim, The Physiognomical System of Gall and Spurzheim (London, 1815), Phrenology, or the Doctrine of the Mind (1825), and The Anatomy of the Human Brain (1826) ; Gordon, Observations on the Structure of the Brain, comprising an estimate of the Claims of Gall and Spurzheim, &c .

(1817) ; Three Familiar Lectures on Craniological Physiognomy, See also:

• ANONYMOUS

anonymous and satirical (London, Wilson, 1816) ; G . Combe, Essays on Phrenology (Edinburgh, 1819), Elements of Phrenology (1824), System of Phrenology (1825), Constitution of Man (1827), Lectures on Phrenology by See also:

• BOARDMAN, GEORGE DANA (1801–1.831)

Boardman (1839), and Outlines of Phrenology (1847); Dewhurst, See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

Guide to Human and Comparative Phrenology (London, 1831); See also:

• OTTO

Otto, Phrcenologien eller See also:

• GALLS

Galls og Spurzheims Hjcerne- og Organlcere (See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, 1825) ; Broussais, Cours de phrenologie (Paris, 1836) ; Vimont, Traite de Phrenologie humaine et comparee (1836) ; See also:

• NOEL, RODEN BERKELEY WRIOTHESLEY (1834-1894)

Noel, Grundzuge der Phrenologie (Leipzig, 1836 and 1856), and Die materielle Grundlage des Seelenlebens (Leipzig, 1874) ; Macnish, Introduction to Phrenology (See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, 1836) ; Capen, Phrenological Library (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1836) ; Ferrarese, Memorie risguardanti la dottrina frenologica (1836—1838) ; See also:

• WATSON, RICHARD (1737-1816)
• WATSON, THOMAS (c. 1557–1592)
• WATSON, WILLIAM (1858- )
• WATSON, WILLIAM (c. 1559-1603)

Watson, See also:

• STATISTICS

Statistics of Phrenology (1836) ; See also:

• AZAIS, PIERRE HYACINTHE (1766-1845)

Azais, Traite de la phrenologie (Paris, 1839) ; Sidney Smith, Principles of Phrenology (Edinburgh, 1838) ; See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua T . Smith, Synopsis of Phrenology; Forichon, Le Materialisme et la phrenologie combattu (Paris, 1840) ; K . G . Carus, Grundzuge einer neuen and wissenschaftlicb begriindeten Kranioskopie (Stuttgart, 1841), and See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas der Kranioskopie (1864); See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle, Die Phrenologie (Stuttgart, 1845) ; See also:

• STRUVE, FRIEDRICH GEORG WILHELM (1793-1864)

Struve, Geschichte der Phrenologie (See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1843) ; Idjiez,Coursde phrenologie (Paris, 847) ; See also:

• FLOURENS, GUSTAVE (1838-1871)
• FLOURENS, MARIE JEAN PIERRE (1794-1867)

Flourens, Examen de la phrenologie (Paris, 1842), De la Phrenologie (1863) ; Serrurier, Phrenologie morale (Paris, 1840) ; Mariano Cubi i Solar, Lecons de phrenologie (Paris, 1857); See also:

• MORGAN
• MORGAN, DANIEL (1736-1802)
• MORGAN, EDWIN DENNISON (1811-1883)
• MORGAN, JOHN HUNT (1825-1864)
• MORGAN, JOHN PIERPONT (1837–1913)
• MORGAN, LEWIS HENRY (1818-1881)
• MORGAN, SYDNEY, LADY (c. 1783-1859)
• MORGAN, THOMAS (d. 1743)

Morgan, Phrenology; See also:

• DONOVAN, EDWARD (1768–1837)

Donovan, Phrenology; Struve and Hirschfeld, Zeitschrift fur Phrenologie (Heidelberg, 1843—1845) ; Phrenological Journal (20 vols., 1823—1847); Lelut, Quest ce que la phrenologie ? (1836), and Rejet de l'organologie phrenologique (1843); Scheve, Katechismus der Phrenologie (Leipzig, 1896) ; See also:

• TUPPER, MARTIN FARQUHAR (1810--1889)
• TUPPER, SIR CHARLES, BART

Tupper, Enquiry into Dr Gall's System (1819) ; Wayte, Antiphrenology (1829); See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone, Observations on the Phrenological Development of Murderers (Edinburgh, 1829) ; See also:

• EPPS

Epps, Horae Phrenologicae (1829); Crock, Compendium of Phrenology (1878); See also:

• AKEN

Aken, Phrenological Bijou (1839) ; See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, Phreno-Magnet (1843) ; Hollander, The Mental Functions of the Brain (1901), Scientific Phrenology (1902) . (A .