See also:

• PHTHALIC

PHTHALIC ACIDS, or See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

BENZENE DICARBOXYLIC  See also:

• ACME (Gr. 6.Kµii, point)

Acme, See also:

• C6H4
• C6H4(CH213r)2

C6H4(See also:

• CO2H

CO2H)2 . There are three isomers: (1) ortho, or See also:

• PHTHALIC

phthalic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid; (2) See also:

• META

meta, or isophthalic acid; (3) para5 or See also:

• TEREPHTHALIC

terephthalic acid . Phthalic acid was obtained by See also:

• LAURENT, FRANCOIS (1810–1887)

Laurent in 1836 by oxidizing See also:

• NAPHTHALENE, C

naphthalene tetrachloride, and, believing it to be a naphthalene derivative, he named it naphthalenic acid; See also:

• MARIGNAC, JEAN CHARLES GALISSARD DE (1817-1894)

Marignac determined its See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula and showed Laurent's supposition to be incorrect, upon which Laurent gave it its See also:

• PRESENT

present name . It is manufactured by oxidizing naphthalene tetrachloride (prepared from naphthalene, See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium, chlorate and hydrochloric acid) with nitric acid, or, better, by oxidizing the See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon with fuming sulphuric acid, using See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

mercury or mercuric sulphate as a catalyst (See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German pat . 91, 202)' . It also results on the oxidation of ortho . II diderivatives of See also:

• BENZENE, C6H6

benzene . It Corms See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white crystals, melting at 213° with decomposition into See also:

• WATER

water and phthalic anhydride; the latter forms See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long white needles, melting at 128° and boiling at 284° . Heated with an excess of See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime it gives benzene; See also:

• CALCIUM [symbol Ca, atomic weight 40.0 (o= x6)]

calcium benzoate results when calcium phthalate is heated with one See also:

• MOLECULE (from mod. Lat. molecula, the diminutive of moles, a mass)

molecule of lime to 3300-350° . The acid (and anhydride) are largely used in the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry (see See also:

• FLUORESCEIN

FLUORESCEIN; See also:

• PHENOLPHTHALEIN

PHENOLPHTHALEIN) . Phthalyl chloride, C6H4(000I)2 or C6H4(CCl2)(CO)O, formed by See also:

• HEATING

heating the anhydride with See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus chloride, is an oil which solidifies at o° and boils at 275° . In some reactions it behaves as having the first formula, in others as having the second .

Phthalyl chloride with phosphorus pentachloride gives two phthalylene tetrachlorides, one melting at 88° and the other at 47° . They cannot be changed into one another, and have been given the formulae C6H4(CCI3)(000I) and C6H4(CC12)20 . Phthalimide, C6H4(CO)2NH, is formed by heating phthalic anhydride or chloride in See also:

• AMMONIA (NH3)

ammonia See also:

• GAS

gas or by molecular rearrangement of ortho-cyanbenzoic acid . It forms N-metallic and alkyl salts . See also:

• BROMINE (symbol Br, atomic weight 79-96)

Bromine and potash give anthranilic acid, C6H4(See also:

• NH2

NH2)(CO2H) . (See See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

INDIGO.) Isophthalic acid is obtained by oxidizing meta-See also:

• XYLENE, or DIMETHYL BENZENE, C6H4(CH3)2

xylene with chromic acid, or by fusing potassium meta-sulphobenzoate, or meta-brombenzoate with potassium formate (terephthalic acid is also formed in the last See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case) . It melts above 300°, and dissolves in 7800 parts of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold water and in 46o of boiling . The See also:

• BARIUM (symbol Ba, atomic weight 137'37 [0=16])

barium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt (+6H20) is very soluble (a distinction between phthalic and terephthalic acids) . Uvitic acid, 5-methyl isophthalic acid, is obtained by oxidizing mesitylene or by condensing pyroracemic acid with baryta water . Terephthalic acid, formed by oxidizing See also:

• PARA
• PARA (officially BELEM; sometimes BELEM DO PARA)

para-diderivatives of benzene, or best by oxidizing See also:

• CARAWAY

caraway oil, a mixture of cymene and cuminol, with chromic acid, as almost insoluble in water, See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol and See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether; it sublimes without melting when heated . For the reduced phthalic acids see POLYDSETHYLENES .