See also:

• PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)  , a genus of See also:

• INSECTS

insects belonging to the See also:

• FAMILY

family of Aphidae, or Plant-lice, in the Homopterous See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

Hemiptera . It is chiefly known from the causal relation of one of its See also:

• SPECIES

species to the most serious of See also:

• VINE

vine-diseases . The name was first given in 1834 to a plant-See also:

• LOUSE (O. Eng. leis, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus)

louse which was observed to "dry up the leaves" of oaks in See also:

• PROVENCE (Provincia, Proenza)

Provence . About twenty-seven species are now known, all characterized by length not exceeding •o6 of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat wings, three articulations in the antennae, one or two articulations in the tarses, with digitules, but without cornicles on the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen . The following full description of the only species which attacks the vine, the See also:

• PHYLLOXERA (Gr. 4suXXov, leaf, and Erlpbs, dry)

Phylloxera vastatrix, or See also:

• GRAPE

grape-louse, is reprinted from the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article VINE in the 9th edition of this See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia . " The symptoms of the disease, by means of which an infected spot may be readily recognized, are as follows: The vines are stunted and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear few leaves, and those small ones . When the disease reaches an advanced See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage the leaves are discoloured, yellow or reddish, with their edges turned back, and withered . The grapes are arrested in their growth and their skin is wrinkled . If the roots are examined numerous fusiform swellings are found upon the smaller rootlets . These are at first yellowish in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour and fleshy; but as they grow older they become.rotten and assume a See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black colour . If the roots on which these swellings occur be examined with a See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens, a number of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute insects of a yellowish-brown colour are observed ; these are the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root-forms (radi- cola) of Phylloxera (fig . I); they are about •8 mm. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, of an See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval outline and with a swollen See also:

• BODY

body .

No distinction between See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax and abdomen can be observed . The head bears small red eyes and a pair of three-jointed antennae, the first two See also:

• JOINTS

joints being See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and thick, the third more elongated, with the end cut off obliquely and Fm . I.—Root-inhabiting See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

Form slightly hollowed out . Under-(Radicola) of Phylloxera, with See also:

• PRO

pro- See also:

• NEATH (Welsh, Casten-Nedd)

neath, between the legs, lies the boscis inserted into See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue of root rostrum, which reaches back to of vine. the abdomen . The See also:

• INSECT

insect is fixed by this rostrum, which is inserted into the root of the vine for the purpose of sucking the See also:

• SAP

sap . The abdomen consists of seven segments, and these as well as the anterior segments bear four rows of small tubercles on their dorsal See also:

• SURFACE

surface . These root-dwelling insects are See also:

• FEMALES

females, which See also:

• LAY

lay parthenogenetic eggs . The insect is fixed by its See also:

• PROBOSCIS

proboscis, but moves its abdomen about and See also:

• LAYS

lays See also:

• THIRTY

thirty to See also:

• FORTY

forty yellow eggs in small clusters . After the See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse of six, eight or twelve days, according to the temperature, the larvae See also:

• HATCH
• HATCH, EDWIN (1835-1889)

hatch out of the eggs . These are See also:

• LIGHT

light yellow in colour and in See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance resemble their See also:

• MOTHER

mother, but with relatively larger appendages . They move actively about for a few days and then, having selected a convenient See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place on the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young roots, insert their proboscis and become stationary . They See also:

• MOULT

moult five times, becoming with each See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of skin darker in colour; in about three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks they become adult and capable of laying parthenogenetic eggs .

In this way the insect increases with appalling rapidity: it has been calculated that a single mother which See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies after laying her eggs in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March would have over 25,000,000 descendants by See also:

• OCTOBER

October . If, however, the insect were content with this method of See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction the disease could be isolated by surrounding the infected patches with a deep ditch full of some such substance as See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar, which would prevent the insects spreading on to the roots of healthy vines . The fertility of the parthenogenetically produced insects would also diminish after a certain number of generations had been produced . As the summer wears on a second form of insect appears amongst the root-dwellers, though hatched from the same eggs as the form described above . These are the See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs, destined to acquire wings; their body is more slender in outline, and at first they bear well-marked tubercles . After several moults the rudiments of two pairs of wings appear, and then the insect creeps up to the surface of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and on to the vine . Here it undergoes its fifth and last moult, and appears as a wined See also:

• FEMALE

female, capable of reproducing parthenogenetically . The winged form has a slender body with distinct head (fig . 2) . The eyes are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed,with numerous facets; the antennae have three joints, the terminal one shaped like that of the root-dwellers . The wings are transparent, with few nervures, and are well adapted for See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . The anterior pair reach far beyond the end of the abdomen; the posterior are narrower and not so long .

These winged forms are about I mm. long . They See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly about from See also:

• JULY

July till October, living upon the sap of the vine, which is sucked up by the rostrum from the leaves or buds . They lay their parthenogenetically produced eggs in the angles of the See also:

• VEINS

veins of the leaves, in the buds, or, if the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season is already far advanced, in the bark . In very See also:

• DAMP

damp or See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather the insect remains in the ground near the surface, and deposits its eggs there . The eggs are very few in number and of two sizes, small and large (fig . 3, b and c) . From the larger a female (fig . 4) is hatched in eight or ten days, and simultaneously, for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in the See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Phylloxera, a male (fig . 3) appears from the smaller See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg . Neither male nor female has wings; the rostrum is replaced by a functionless tubercle; and there is no alimentary See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal .