See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

CHARLES See also:

• CHARLES PICHEGRU (1761-1804)

PICHEGRU (1761-1804)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• ARBOIS

Arbois, or, according to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• NODIER, CHARLES (1780-1844)

Nodier, at See also:

• LES

Les Planches, near Lons-le-Saulnier, on the 16th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1761 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was a labourer, but the friars of Arbois gave the boy a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• EDUCATION

education, and one of his masters, the Pere Partault, took him to the military school of Brienne . In 1783 he entered the first See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery, where he rapidly See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• ADJUTANT (from Lat. adjutare, to aid)

adjutant-sublieutenant . When the Revolution began he became See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Jacobin party in See also:

• BESANCON

Besancon, and when a regiment of See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• GARD

Gard marched through the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city he was elected See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel . The See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of his regiment was soon remarked in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and his organizing ability was made use of by an See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment on the See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, and finally by his promotion to the rank of general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . In 1793 See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot and See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Just were sent to find roturier generals who could be successful; Carnot discovered See also:

• JOURDAN, JEAN BAPTISTE, COUNT (1762-1833)

Jourdan, and Saint Just discovered See also:

• HOCHE, LAZARE (1768-1797)

Hoche and See also:

• PICHEGRU, CHARLES (1761-1804)

Pichegru . In co-operation with Hoche and the army of the Moselle, Pichegru, now general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division and in command of the army of the Rhine, had to reconquer See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace and to reorganize the disheartened troops of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic . They succeeded; Pichegru made use of the elan of his soldiers to win innumerable small engagements, and with Hoche forced the lines of Haguenau and relieved See also:

• LANDAU

Landau . In See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1793 Hoche was arrested, it is said owing in See also:

• PART

part to his colleague's machinations, and Pichegru became See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the army of the Rhine-and-Moselle, whence he was summoned to succeed Jourdan in the army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North in February 1794 . It was now that he fought his three See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns of one See also:

• YEAR

year . The See also:

• ENGLISH

English and Austrians held a strong position along the Sambre to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . After vainly attempting to break the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian centre, Pichegru suddenly turned their See also:

• LEFT

left, and defeated See also:

• CLERFAYT (or CLAIRFAYT), FRANCOIS SEBASTIEN CHARLES JOSEPH DE CROIX, COUNT OF (1733-1798)

Clerfayt at See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel, See also:

• MENIN (Flemish Meenen)

Menin and Courtrai, while See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau, his second in command, defeated See also:

• COBURG

Coburg at See also:

• TOURCOING

Tourcoing in May 1794; then after a pause, during which Pichegru feigned to besiege See also:

• YPRES (Flemish Yperen)

Ypres, he again dashed at Clerfayt and defeated him at Rousselaer and Hooglede, while Jourdan came up with the new army of the Sambre-and-See also:

• MEUSE
• MEUSE (Flem. Maes, Du. Maas)

Meuse, and utterly routed the Austrians at See also:

• FLEURUS

Fleurus on the 27th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1794 .

Pichegru began his second See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign by See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the Meuse on the 18th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, and after taking See also:

• NIJMWEGEN, NIMEGUEN, NYMEGEN

Nijmwegen drove the Austrians beyond the Rhine . Then, instead of going into See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter-quarters, he prepared his army for a winter campaign . On the 28th of December he crossed the Meuse on the See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, and stormed the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Bommel, then crossed the Waal in the same manner, and, See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving the English before him, entered See also:

• UTRECHT
• UTRECHT, TREATY OF

Utrecht on the 19th of See also:

• JANUARY

January, and See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam on the loth of January, and soon occupied the whole of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland . This See also:

• GRAND

grand feat of arms was marked by many points of See also:

• INTEREST

interest, such as the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the Dutch See also:

• SHIPS

ships, which were frozen in the See also:

• HELDER

Helder, by the French hussars, and the splendid discipline of the ragged battalions in Amsterdam, who, with the richest city of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent to See also:

• SACK

sack, yet behaved with a self-See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint which few revolutionary and See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic armies attained . The former friend of Saint Just now offered his services to the Thermidorians, and after receiving from the See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

Convention the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " Sauveur de la Patrie," subdued the sans-culottes of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, when they rose in insurrection against the Convention on 12 Germinal (See also:

• APRIL

April 1) . Pichegru then took command of the armies of the North, the Sambre-and-Meuse, and the Rhine, and crossing the Rhine in force took See also:

• MANNHEIM

Mannheim in May 1795 . When his fame was at its height he allowed his colleague Jourdan to be beaten, betrayed all his plans to the enemy, and took part in organizing a See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy for the return of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII., in which he was to See also:

• PLAY

play, for his own aggrandizement, the part that See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

Monk played from higher motives in the English revolution . His intrigues were suspected, and when he offered his resignation to the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory in October 17 95 it was to his surprise promptly accepted . He retired in disgrace, but hoped to serve the royalist cause by securing his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of Five See also:

• HUNDRED

Hundred in May 1797 . He was there the royalist leader, and planned a coup d'etat, but on the 18th Fructidor he was arrested, and with fourteen others deported to See also:

• CAYENNE

Cayenne in 1797 . Escaping, he reached See also:

• LONDON

London in 1798, and served on General Korsakov's staff in the campaign of 1799 . He went to Paris in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1803 with Georges See also:

• CADOUDAL, GEORGES (1771-1804)

Cadoudal to See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head a royalist rising against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon; but, betrayed by a friend, he was arrested on the 28th of February 18c4, and on the 15th of April was found strangled in See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison .

It has often been asserted that he was murdered by the orders of Napoleon, but there is no See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story . Pichegru's campaigns of 1794 are marked by traits of an audacious See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius which would not have disgraced Napoleon . His tremendous See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical strength, the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ascendancy he gained by this and by his See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of command made him a peculiarly formidable opponent, and thus enabled him to maintain a discipline which guaranteed the punctual See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of his orders . He had also, strangely enough, the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of captivating honest men like Moreau . He flattered in turn Saint Just and the Terrorists, the Thermidorians and the See also:

• DIRECTORS

Directors, and played always for his own See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand—a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange egoist who rose to fame as the leader of an idealist and sentimental crusade . There is no really good See also:

• LIFE

life of Pichegru; perhaps the best is J . M . Gassier's See also:

• VIE

Vie du general Pichegru (Paris, 1815) . For his See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, trial and See also:

• DEATH

death, consult See also:

• MONTGAILLARD, JEAN GABRIEL MAURICE ROQUES, COMTE DE (1761-1841)

Montgaillard's Memoires concernant la trahison de Pichegru (1804); Fauche-See also:

• BOREL, PETRUS

Borel's Memoires; See also:

• SAVARY, ANNE JEAN MARIE RENE, DUKE

Savary, Memoires sur la mort de Pichegru (Paris, 1825) ; and G . Pierret, Pichegru, son prods et sa mort (1826) .